Regenerative Architecture Assignment Sample

CHAPTER 1

REGENERATIVE ARCHITECTURE

Introduction to Regenerative Architecture

Because it only attempts to make structures "less awful," sustainability in architecture, as it is now understood by modern culture, is an inadequate metric for both current and future architectural design. The environmental requirements for building today are really low, and the bar for what is deemed a "sustainable" building is incredibly low as well. The dynamic of architecture in relation to the environment sets low standards for success. When a building is constructed, it is celebrated if it incorporates any kind of environmental awareness.

The practice of using the natural world as both a medium for and a generator of design is known as regenerative architecture. The living and natural systems that are present on a site are utilized, and these act as the "building blocks" of the architecture. Regenerative architecture has two main objectives: it prioritizes performance and conservation through reducing a building's negative environmental effects. It is represented by the choice of materials, the use of less energy, and the clever design. The handling of the environment as an equal shareholder in the building is the second, more significant aspect of regenerative architecture. It is a method that incorporates a thorough understanding of all living and non-living processes into the design of a building. According to architecture assignment help, it is an architecture that embraces the natural world and builds a regenerative framework on the millions of years of engineering and development. Regenerative architecture is predicated on the idea that everything we construct has the ability to incorporate the natural environment as a "equal partner" in the design.

Redefinition

"The art or practice of planning and constructing buildings" is the definition of architecture.
This is a typical definition of architecture; however it is unsatisfactory since it restricts us to thinking of architecture as only a building, which eliminates any other possibilities for regeneration and integration. Our definition of architecture does not take into consideration the fact that buildings are a component of a place or site. Why do we drop the structure from the definition of architecture, one could wonder? Although the building needs the site in order to exist, we nevertheless see them as independent components. Perhaps the term "architecture" can be widened to include "the art or practice of designing and constructing space, through the integration of site and building." This definition is more thorough and comprehensive because a structure can only be "beyond sustainable" or regenerative if it incorporates the site into its design.

Buildings are static objects that do not integrate with the environment, resulting in a linear model of consumption and waste as seen in figure 1. The operation of the structure is intrinsically separated from the landscape and the biosphere under our current understanding of architecture, which removes the place from the architecture. This necessitates the synthesis of systems within our buildings, requiring a continuous inflow of resources and energy that are not tied to the site.

Our present system for handling resources and commodities is shown in Figure 1. A building of human contexts, the disintegration of site and architecture necessitates the ongoing introduction of resources into the architecture for operation. (At this point, it is crucial to emphasize that nothing is wasted in the natural world because everything produced is automatically recycled as part of the cycle of life.) Since there are only so many resources in the world, we cannot keep relying on the line model that has long been the cornerstone of our consumer society. It is a degenerative process.

When the term "architecture" refers to more than just the building, it is generative. The place, the site, the systems, the energy, the building, the flora and fauna, etc. are all components of the architecture. It is a structure that is entirely integrated into the location. It is an integrated whole that co-evolves into a single whole. The possibilities for regenerative architecture practically multiply if this idea of design is established. Regeneration occurs when the ecosystem's health improves and the building produces more than it consumes, leading to a positive life. A model of regeneration is visually shown in Figure 2.

Humans and the environment can coexist in harmony thanks to the growth of our constructed world paradigm. It enables people to find balance and rejuvenation in their environments. It goes without saying that adopting a process of regeneration and integration is in our best interest. The upward spiral of environmental health can start, which ultimately promotes the health of the human species as well as the environment.

When the system's production output exceeds the net inflow of resources, we can say that the architecture is regenerative. The architecture, under this new definition, produces more food than it consumes, more potable water than it uses, more energy than it uses, and a greater variety of species than existed before the structure joined the system.

Sustainability – The Less Bad Approach

Traditionally, a "green" structure only emphasizes the first aspect of regenerative design. Technology is used as a tool for reduction and conservation. The issue is that the structure is attempting to lessen the damage it causes to the environment by employing approaches and typologies that have been shown to not be the most sensible and rational ways to achieve true sustainability. It is still unnatural and unreasonable to develop and construct things without using natural processes or interacting with the environment much.

Take the rapidly expanding trend of hybrid cars. The auto industry's response to the contentious question of how we can protect the environment is the hybrid vehicle. While the technology does lessen the impact of the car, it still requires the burning of fossil fuels to function. Even if, as a society, we mostly embrace and encourage the spread of this technology, we are aware that using fossil fuels as a form of personal transportation is not the solution.

Hybrid vehicles share the same architecture. We are utilizing the incorrect solutions to try to solve the environmental saving conundrum. We are addressing the query of how we may be truly sustainably in our buildings by using regenerative design. Using the natural world as a resource, we are offering solutions.

All of the things that we require for life can be produced by architecture. In addition to other things, a structure can create food, energy, water, oxygen, CO2, and water purification. A building has the capacity for both a positive and a negative existence. We use the term sustainable to describe architecture that is "green" or designed with the effects on the environment in mind. Any human activity that is carried out with the idea that its negative effects on the environment are minimized is said to be sustainable. Professor of architecture at Columbia University and ecological designer Mitchell Joachim recently spoke with Tom Vanderbilt of Wired Magazine on sustainability. "I dislike the phrase. It doesn't evoke enough emotion. You want your marriage to be expanding, nurturing, and learning rather than being a stable union. Efficiency is also insufficient, as it only means "less awful." 4

Anyone who is trying to decrease the impact of their lives or the impact of the things they generate uses the term "sustainable" as a buzzword. But why would we merely wish to maintain ourselves and our environment? Why wouldn't we want to do it better, let alone feel the urge to move beyond sustainability and pursue health, balance, and wealth? Living a sustainable lifestyle means taking care of the bare necessities for both the now and the future. Our aim should be a regenerative dynamic rather than a sustainable human dynamic. Plain and simple, the way that humans live is destroying the quality of our planet and lengthening the permanency of the harm that is being done.

When you take into account the significant environmental impact that buildings have, very little of what is now understood as "sustainable" is addressed. The poor standards don't offer any future-oriented answers. We construct for the present while ignoring problems for the future. The current paradigm places a focus on increasing building efficiency and lowering energy use. In other words, using technology mostly, we try to lessen the impact of our buildings. Each system is divided into distinct entities, and as a result, each system becomes independent of the other systems already in place inside the framework.

In his 2006 article "Shifting our Mental Model - "Sustainability" to Regeneration," Bill Reed characterizes the unnatural building and design paradigm that we have accepted as our primary method of structure production as being as follows: According to him, closed systems like mechanical systems, envelope systems, and so forth are the most common systems we see in the design profession. These artificially created systems are entropic by nature and need constant inputs of materials and energy to function. 5

It is by no means sustainable to continuously provide a structure with the energy and resources it needs to run properly. Resources in the biosphere are limited, and we are using them more quickly than they can replenish or recycle themselves. No matter how clever and effective the technology used in a building is or can be, closed entropic systems lead to the exclusion of the complete, organized, and whole systems that form the fabric of the natural world, resulting in the destruction of the environment.

In order to assess the "sustainability" of architecture, the United States has created rating systems like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). These kinds of rating systems assign points to categories; the bigger the number of points, the higher the rating. This model provides guidelines for creating more effective, environmentally responsible, and low-impact structures. Although it is an attempt to solve a problem using a solution based on the archetype that is obviously ineffective, it is a realization that the building archetype that we apply is insufficient. Before we are willing to admit that the way we build is just erroneous and that the norm needs to be changed away from the "business as usual" and "less terrible" approach, we cannot solve the problem of unsustainable structures.

We can determine how to approach architecture, but it must originate from a socio-cultural perspective and be manifested in the widespread adoption of regenerative design principles and the acceptance by customers and users that our standard is too low. We cannot be saved by technology unless it is reliable and works in tandem with the environment. The people; the social structure, must acknowledge that our decision-making and patterning are the main causes of the issue. 6

Designing and building with the normative model separates us from the environment we live in. This paradigm spreads the idea that humans are superior to the rest of nature. It spreads the idea that the planet is ours to exploit, rather than acknowledging our relationship with and dependency on the natural world for existence. The mental model behind the patterning process is the one described in this sentence.

Facilities that harm the environment. The first step to regeneration is having a clear understanding and awareness of the underlying causes of the environmental catastrophe. After that, it is up to each individual, group, industry, state, and country to examine the situation and come up with wise and useful answers.

Figure 57 shows a straightforward storm water management canal. It serves as an illustration of the widely held belief that people are superior to the rest of nature, which contributes to our environment-driven demise. It presents a "solution" to a "problem," although the "issue" is actually just a product of human society. Storm water is not at all a concern; it is a component of the world's natural system. It is a crucial component on which other systems must rely for their own healthy functioning, which causes every other natural system to function improperly. This "solution" to this "issue" is an example of how, on the whole, as a species, we construct the environment to suit our needs.

We must reunite ourselves with the environment and adopt the perspective that everything is interconnected through a network of mutually beneficial ties. We may start to create solutions to our problems by using the problem itself as the solution if we accept the mental model that we are a part of nature and have the power to improve the health of the environment. The image above, for instance, was redesigned utilizing regenerative design principles yet shows the same location and view as the prior image. The mental model that was applied when creating the system is what makes a difference. We may simply transition to a world built in harmony with nature, as seen in this illustration, provided we reframe our paradigm.

Guiding Principles for Regeneration

"Tissue develops around the energy flow and turns into the physical manifestation or embodiment of that form. Its representation in form is determined by the flow's fundamental characteristics and the corresponding characteristics of the medium through which it is moving. Form is further shaped by energies flowing over and around it.

Patterns are repeating, predictable arrays of form. Each component of a system expresses a particular shape of the overall pattern. As quantitatively illustrated by fractals, systems shift to a higher degree of organization at certain levels of complexity, and patterns shift to a higher order as well 9.
--M. Murphy and V. Marvick, 1998

The first phase in the regenerative design process is the view of a place as a collection of patterns and interconnected systems. The designer needs to have a thorough understanding of the site's patterns, forces, and energy before they can be used to generate a structure. Exploration and analysis employing mapping and documentation systems are used to do this. The patterns and webs paint a distinctive picture of the site. As concrete information that can be employed to generate the architecture, the location's dynamics start to become apparent. A series of criteria and questions that Tim Murphy and Vicki Marvick developed serve as standards for comprehending, evaluating, and documenting the location.

We become aware of individual flows and how they relate to one another as we get to know a location. Beyond composition and structure, we ask, "What does this flow consist of?" What pieces does it have? —to the characteristics it demonstrates as a result of its fundamental makeup. These characteristics fit into several dimensions:

• How fast is it moving? (Expectations of velocity, viscosity, and resistance.)
• In what direction is it travelling? Directional orientation is a spatial dimension.
• How much flow is present at different points? (Volume denotes the flow's order.)
• What size is it? (Spatial height and breadth measurements.)
• How frequently does it flow? (Time dimension: periodicity/cycles.)
• How much time does it last? (Duration.)
• Where do it intersect and work with other flows? (Social aspects.)
• What does this flow mean in terms of our hopes for a relationship? (The social component that connects our system to the idea of place.)

We are given a paradigm by Murphy and Marvick for creating an effective and comprehensive regenerative architecture. The Hannover Ideas are a set of principles created by William McDonough, a well-known architect who uses many of these in his work. They are a collection of architectural principles developed in 2000 for the world exposition in Hannover, Germany. They provide a design approach centered on the elements Earth, Air, Fire, Water, and Spirit, and they stress the need for coexistence between humans and nature. The Hannover Principles outline the natural interconnectedness between humans and the rest of nature, as well as how our designs affect ecological survival. They take into account "all aspects of human settlement," including how people interact with the natural world and the built environment.

The Hannover Principles

1. Uphold the rights of humans and nature to coexist in a way that is beneficial, diverse, and sustainable.

2. be aware of dependency. The components of human design interact with and are dependent upon the natural world, having wide-ranging effects at all scales. Considerations for design should be expanded to include even distant consequences.

3. Honor the connections between spirit and matter. Consider the linkages between spiritual and material consciousness in all facets of human settlement, including community, housing, industry, and trade.

4. Take ownership of how design choices affect people's well-being, the resilience of natural systems, and their ability to coexist.

5. Produce secure items with long-term worth. Do not impose maintenance obligations or strict management of potential danger resulting from negligent creation of items, processes, or standards on future generations.

6. Do away with the idea of waste. To get closer to the state of natural systems, where there is no waste, evaluate and optimize products and processes throughout their whole lifecycle.

7. Rely on renewable energy sources. Like the living world, human designs should get their creative energy from unending solar revenue. Utilize this energy responsibly by integrating it securely and effectively.

8. be aware of design imitations. No human construct endures forever, and not all issues can be resolved by design. Those who plan and construct should be humble while dealing with nature. Treat nature as a role model and mentor rather than as a nuisance that needs to be avoided or managed.

In the area of regenerative design, two further sets of design principles that are essential to take into account for regenerative architecture have been created. "The Five Principles of Ecological Design" is the title of the first. Sim Van Der Ryn and Stuart Cowan created them. They emphasis the value of local knowledge and the significance of creating structures that enhance the surrounding environment. As they feel that "the more seam-less these aspects are integrated into the design, the less our actions will detract from the health of nature," Cowan and Van Der Ryn underline the significance of seamlessly integrating the natural systems and processes.

Cowan and Van Der Ryn's statement that "Ecological design occurs in the context of specific locales" explains their aims quite well. It develops irregularly, much like how an oak tree grows from an acorn. The soils, vegetation, animals, temperature, geography, river flows, and people give it coherence as it responds to the local characteristics of place.

1. Solutions Grow Locally. Knowing a place inside and out is the foundation of ecological design. As a result, it is simple and direct, responsive to both local circumstances and locals. We can inhabit without harming if we are aware of the subtleties of the environment.

2. Environmental Accounting Guides Design. trace the effects of current or suggested designs on the environment. Find the design option that is most environmentally friendly using this information.

3. Use nature in your design. We respect the requirements of all species while also meeting our own by working with live processes. We become more alive when we engage in procedures that replenish rather than drain.

4. We are all designers. In the design phase, pay attention to all opinions. Nobody is a participant or a designer only. Everyone participates and designs. Respect the unique insights that each person has to offer. People work together to restore their communities while also healing themselves.
5. Bring Nature Into View. Environments that are denatured disregard our capacity and need for learning. Bringing natural cycles and processes into view revitalizes the environment as it was intended. Effective design can help us understand our place in the natural world.

The Todd’s' Principles of Ecological Design are the second set of rules or principles, and they were developed by John and Nancy Jack Todd. They wanted to establish a set of rules that would unambiguously and firmly put nature "at the Centre of the design process." Their guiding concepts emphasis the role of nature as a creator and teacher of design. To recognize what they see as the three most crucial considerations in regenerative and ecological design, they include architecture, food production, and waste management into the principles.

The Todd’s' Principles of Ecological Design

1) The matrix for every design is the living world.
2) Design should adhere to the laws of life rather than defy them.
3) Design must be determined by biological equity.
4) Bioregionality must be reflected in design.
5) Renewable energy sources should be the foundation of projects.
6) Design should incorporate living systems to be sustainable.
7) Design ought to evolve alongside the natural world.
8) Building design should promote planetary healing.
9) Sacred ecology should guide design.

The prescriptions for all three of these design models share a lot in common. Although each has a distinct primary focus, whether it be architecture or design in general, they are all founded on the same essential concept. The underlying tenet of all three is that design must respond to the regional biosphere and the particular location for which the architecture is created.

Mutually beneficial and reciprocal links between honeybees and flowers

Architecture rarely interacts with the environment it is situated in. The gap between the environment and architecture is quite wide. The inclusion and understanding paradigm has the power to influence and fundamentally alter the way we construct. It is a paradigm that calls for a thorough comprehension of the natural world and the systems that occupy it. The generated architecture can be built utilizing the environment as a model and guidance. It is a procedure that necessitates the incorporation of all organic processes found in the natural world.

Regenerative design is fundamentally built on the idea that there is no separation between people and nature. It implies that nature and people are one; we are a part of nature, not above it. It is founded on whole systems theory, which holds that everything is interconnected and functions as one system, with each component having an equal impact on the system's overall health (see diagram 3). An architecture that is entirely comprehensive and inclusive in character is produced by the mental model of whole systems thinking in architecture. It includes each component of the ecosystem and biosphere as an equal contributor to the creation of the architecture.

There are numerous solutions to the issues we confront in the environment. We can decide to accept these responses, use them in our architecture, and begin to produce architecture that is produced by including these processes. This gives us the opportunity to create architecture that improves the environment rather than just causing less harm to it. How can we accomplish the most good for the most people for the longest period of time with the least impact? Is a question that regenerative designer

Ethan Roland asks of designers?

Through the whole systems thinking concept, regenerative architecture reunites people with their natural surroundings. A thorough architecture is created from, by, and for the environment in which it is constructed. It integrates into the ecosystem, contributing to the natural equilibrium and creating an innate link between the occupants of the dwelling and the land on a profound and spiritual level. The strong bond restores people to their rightful place as equal stakeholders in the wellbeing and prosperity of the environment and biosphere in which we live.

Humans establish beneficial links with their living environments by adopting whole systems thinking and regenerative architecture. The land offers a balanced, interconnected existence, and in return, people live there as valuable contributors. Relationships that are reciprocally maintained are cultivated, expanded, and developed.

Think of a honeybee pollinating a flower. Through the bee's action of transporting pollen from one flower to another, this function improves the health of the flower species by preserving the diversified gene pool required for the health of the flower species. The bee receives nutrition for both itself and its hive while pollinating the bloom. Symbiosis and reciprocal maintenance describe the link between the flower and the bee. The co-evolution of the two species has created and engineered the link between them; it is a precise and effective relationship between two radically different species.

The basis for the world's well-being is found in these mutually helpful and reciprocally perpetuating interactions. We wouldn't be here as a species without the harmony and balance that nature has created. Although the equilibrium that allows us to exist in the first place is threatened and degraded by the current paradigm that we employ for dealing with the outside world, the equilibrium is what sustains us. Humans have the capacity to go back to a state of intense connectedness. We are the most highly evolved species and are best equipped to quickly adapt and change our way of life by actively contributing to the maintenance of the balance to which we owe a great deal as a species. The one-sided relationship we have created between us and the world cannot last forever, therefore we may take the flower and bee example as a guide for how we should be interacting with the environment.

So, Why Do We Poop in Clean Water?

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, we have been creating our constructed environment using methods, structures, and technologies that mainly go against how the natural world has engineered itself throughout the history of life's evolution. One of the worst causes of this contradiction is architecture. Our design principles show a division between the natural world and the manmade environment. The natural world is made up of numerous interconnected natural systems and energy flows. To function properly, every system depends on every other system. We and the rest of life on earth literally exist because of the network of interdependence and mutually beneficial ties that exists in our environment.

Buildings significantly affect the environment since they use a lot of energy, water, and natural resources, as well as produce a lot of pollution. Buildings in the United States alone are responsible for over 65 percent of all electricity use, 30 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, 136 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste (roughly 2.8 pounds per person per day), and 12 percent of potable water use. Andres R. Edwards quantifies this impact on the environment. Buildings consume 40% (3 billion tonnes annually) of all raw materials worldwide. 16 The numbers Edwards provides us with are astounding. They aid in putting into perspective the sheer magnitude of the situation we face as a species and the grave danger we are posing to the other species of the earth. In actuality, we are the only ones to blame for the extinction of two-thirds of all species on the planet.

The way that architecture currently functions is separated from the natural environment. By synthesizing and replacing the natural processes used by every other life on Earth to function, we separate our built habitats from the natural environment. For instance, the most common technique for cooling a building involves using artificially created energy to power a motor that cools the air by using mechanical devices and chemicals before forcing it through a network of tubes and vents to deliver a precise amount of air to a room at a particular temperature. This illustration shows one of the numerous ways that the building we create artificializes the natural world.

It makes sense to give an example of an air treatment system in a building that does not require energy input, chemicals, or machinery and creates a healthier living environment in contrast to the prior example. When a structure is built with the goal of supplying itself with an integrated system for executing this action, cooling and heating of the air occurs naturally.

Using deciduous trees to shield the structure from the sun's direct rays in the summer is the earliest and most organic technique to keep a building cool. During the summer, a deciduous tree will block 60–90% of solar radiation, however in the winter, when solar radiation is preferred for solar heat gain, it will only do so to the extent of 20–50%.

The employment of calculated overhangs on a structure's southern side can create air circulation by virtue of the design of the structure itself. While allowing direct winter sun for solar heat uptake, an overhang can be built to prevent direct summer sun from accessing the structure. A system of high pressure develops on the south side of the overhang, and a system of low pressure develops on the north side. The structure's cross ventilation is then used to connect the high and low pressure systems, creating a cooling impact in the summer and a heating one in the winter. Both active solar cooling and active solar heating apply to this.

Why Do We Poop In Clean Water? Is the title of this section? And you may be asking yourself why. It's a metaphor, I suppose. It serves as a metaphor for the absurd departure from reason that, despite our knowledge of how to live and function in a way that is consistent with the natural world, our society has decided to adopt and spread. We create products of our species that disregard the testing, engineering, and designing that millions of years of evolution have done for us. We build, design, engineer, manufacture, and support these things. The absurd environment we have created for ourselves is exemplified by the practice of pooping in potable water. Despite the fact that we know how to dispose of our garbage naturally, effectively, and efficiently, we have nonetheless designed a method or system to help us get rid of our waste (pun intended).

The most fundamental method of waste handling is composting. It is secure, beneficial, effective, economical, and organic. We are given the option of disposing of our waste without the need of fresh water, chemicals, or the guilt that comes with knowing that every time you flush the toilet, you are engaging in one of man's most bizarre and unnatural behaviors.

Pooping in clean water is a metaphor for how far we have gotten from coexisting peacefully with nature.

It demonstrates to us that our built environment's engineering is not as logical and effective as it could and should be. One component of the outdated infrastructure on which we continue to rely is architecture. The methods used to create the goods we use, the energy we use, the food we eat, etc. can all be easily adapted to fit the principles of planning for the future. Alternative production techniques have been developed for each of these systems by the relevant industry. The issue and task right now is to fully adopt the "alternative" approaches and change how we produce things to reflect these methods.

The paradox is that our "conventional" techniques are so radically unnatural in their execution that we refer to methodologies that acknowledge, respond to, interact, and emulate the natural environment as "alternative". We have chosen development strategies that go against nature's laws, including urinating in potable water. The constructed habitat is unnatural and almost entirely detrimental to the environment. It goes without saying that the relationship is one-sided and unidirectional.
A product created by man that calls for the use of alternative ways is architecture, which embodies a variety of systems, goods, and energy. Most people in the world use architecture on a daily basis. It is something that is essential to our survival, comfort, and well-being as humans. As a species, we are sustained through architecture. The structures we build have come to be essential to our very life. Herein lies the most hypocritical dynamic of our existence: we construct structures that must support us, despite the fact that neither the structures nor we as their users and creators are able to survive without a continuous supply of energy, materials, etc. Why is it not standard practice to create structures that can accomplish all of the aforementioned tasks we require of them?

Every man-made structure offers chances to improve the environment

Every roof and wall can act as a medium for the creation of life. Each building is given the chance to blend in with the surrounding landscape's natural features, structure, and movement. A building may take on the role of the site and engage with the surrounding environment. Instead of seeing the site as an ecosystem that has the capacity to tolerate and accept a structure as merely another component of the dynamics of the site as a whole, our current building approaches regard the site as the location where the building exists. The site and the structure are typically seen as being in opposition to one another, however when they are combined, the architecture can actually improve the health of the site.

People believe that humans are apart from nature and that we are above it

Instead of seeing the world as the environment in which we live, we see it as a collection of resources that are available for consumption. The natural world, where "all things exist in a mutually supportive and reciprocal interaction with all other things...," is a place where humans do not live in isolation. If we choose to consider sustainability at whatever level, one of our responsibilities is to comprehend the pattern of interactions we enter into when we make decisions about our activities. We can then be ready to consider how our behavior might foster an even richer network of relationships.

Conclusion

It may be seen in our industry, engineering, agriculture, and economy. A very dangerous environmental plague that is deeply ingrained in our culture has been created by the methods we choose to use to build the contemporary society. Because of how deeply ingrained it is, our culture is largely oblivious to the root reasons of the issues we have brought about. "The environmental issue is, in many ways, a design crisis. It results from the way objects are created, structures are built, and landscapes are utilized. Design makes culture manifest, and culture is built on the tenets of what we take to be true about the universe. Our current forms of industry, engineering, architecture, and agriculture are based on design epistemologies that are incompatible with those of nature.

We are a society that is mostly cut off from the environment we live in. The environment that gives us life, food, shelter, water, happiness, and love is something we take for granted. By providing very little in the way of reciprocal nourishment, we show very little regard to that which keeps us alive. The resources we require to survive are provided by the earth, yet hardly any of them get recycled back into the systems from which they originated.

People have the chance to live in a house built with the future in mind thanks to regenerative design. In a moment of potentially impending economic, social, and environmental collapse, it entails creating houses that can support human existence. Using locally sourced materials and in a way that is truly sustainable, it is conceivable to construct a structure that can produce its own food, energy, heating, cooling, water capture, and purification. The natural world offers almost endless opportunity for architecture to incorporate it into its design and presence.

The future is quite uncertain, but one thing is certain: if the global economy collapses, the homes we currently live in cannot and will not be able to supply us with the necessities of life.

The public infrastructure that we depend on for things like food, energy, transportation, etc. will also collapse if a collapse of this kind takes place. The threat's imminent nature ought to be enough to motivate us, the problem's originators, to redesign our processes, structures, and dynamics. All informed citizens are aware of the dangers ahead, including rapid climate destabilisation, species extinction, pollution, terrorism, ecological unravelling in its many forms, and the human political and economic consequences, according to David W. Orr, professor at Oberlin College and author of several significant books. Here, he makes it quite evident that, as people become more aware of the impending threats, change is on the horizon and immediate action is required.

CHAPTER 2

THE NINE PRINCIPLES OF REGENERATIVE ARCHITECTURE AND PLACE ANALYSIS CRITERIA

Introduction

The philosophy and guiding concepts that shape the practice of regenerative architecture are described in the first section. They were concocted and put together after extensive investigation, debate, and consideration in an effort to establish a synthesis of the built world that is centered on humans and the natural world that is responsible for our basic existence.

A new set of design and site analysis criteria are offered in this section, along with a study of the theories and concepts that were defined in the first section. Most of the criteria that are applied across a wide range of disciplines, including permaculture design, regenerative design, architectural design, Cradle-to-Cradle principles, biodynamic design, and biophilic design, are incorporated into these concepts. These guidelines aim to provide a design methodology and set of standards for regenerative architecture, as it is defined in the first part.

It's crucial to remember that I felt the need to create a set of guidelines specifically for regenerative architecture. In the first section, I discussed and cited numerous pertinent subjects, notions, and tenets; nevertheless, none of them were intended expressly for the regenerative architecture. I thought it important to make an effort to create a synthesis of all the embodied concepts I have described in section 1. It is my contribution to the improvement of our society and the built environment. I've made an effort to formulate a "recipe" for coexisting with and participating in the natural world, to which we owe our very existence.

Even though my sets of guidelines are general in nature, they are meant to be applied especially to homes. The buildings we live in, in my opinion, are the most important man-made constructions. We find refuge, security, warmth, and comfort in our houses. The most meaningful memories are created in our homes, and residents often have a stronger bond with their homes than, say, they do with their workplaces.

I really believe that if we can stop the destructive behaviors that take place in, on, and around the home, our society will be able to start making significant changes. My rules and ideas are oriented towards a smaller, more manageable, and doable scale as a result of these factors.

I have created a comprehensive set of location analysis criteria in support of the nine regenerative design principles. The permaculture scale of permanence approach is used to construct the criteria. The "changeability" of a specific site system is determined by the scale of permanence, which is a relative scale. For instance, Climate is the website's initial and most lasting mechanism. We have very little control on the climate, thus we begin our analysis of the place by looking at the climate. Aesthetics and Experience of Place are the last to be analyzed in the place analysis step since it has been found that this is the most flexible site system that we are concerned with in regenerative design.

The Nine Principles of Regenerative Architecture

"Whole systems design integration" is the first of the nine principles. This concept encapsulates and defines what is unquestionably the most important set of rules in the collection.

All systems and entities are taken into account and incorporated into the overall system design, according to the first. This means that we are designing the site as a comprehensive system and that we are unable to pick and choose the aspects that are crucial to our needs and to us. We must approach the design process with the purpose of operating within the whole system without segregating, alienating, or ignoring any of the members of the full system community of the given site because our requirements are not the only ones that must be taken into account within the system.

"All systems are involved in communities of mutually beneficial relationships," reads the second tenet of the Whole Systems Design Integration concept. By requiring that every system element be thoroughly treated within the design and allowing each relationship to enhance the entire system, this rule reinforces the first rule when it is followed.

As stated in the part 1 section titled "Honeybees and Flowers - Mutually Beneficial and Reciprocal Relationships," the entire system is made up of a collection of relationships that support one another. Without the assistance of other system components, a system cannot exist. A living roof system that has been properly installed is an illustration of this. These species have a habitat on the structure's roof, which is planted with local sedum, grasses, and flora. In turn, the plants give the buildings a lot of thermal insulation, storm water collection and purification, and elimination of the heat island effect caused by a typical roof, to name a few benefits.

The principle of multiplicity is the third directive in the Whole Systems Design Integration principle. According to this, any unit within the system should carry out several tasks or meet multiple needs simultaneously. The theory behind it is universal, though, and can be easily applied to regenerative architecture. This is a principle that is at the heart of permaculture design and is traditionally used to describe one of the methods for designing polycultures within edible forest gardens and permaculture gardens.

The Principle of Redundancy is the fourth principle under the Whole Systems Design Integration principle. It claims that there are multiple solutions within the system to address each requirement. This idea serves as the foundation for permaculture design. The foundation of the Principle of Redundancy is the understanding that no single solution can ensure the smooth running of a natural system. The acquisition of usable energy is an implementable and realizable example of this within regenerative architecture. For supplying ourselves with energy, we have a few excellent options, including solar, wind, and biomass (burning biomass for energy). In a regenerative design, we should think about incorporating at least two of these choices to meet our energy needs.

By doing so, we will solve the energy problem with several solutions, fortify our energy system, stabilize our energy input, and increase its dependability, efficiency, and benefits.

Regenerative architecture's second tenet is "integration into the landscape." There are three key focus points associated with this approach. According to the first, the design is based on a site analysis of the landscape and all of its natural components and systems. It is defining a generative process that turns the information, understanding, and insight gathered from the site into architectural and landscape form. By using this approach, we can produce a design that is solely of and for the site.

The second component of the second principle follows in this manner. It claims that the merging of the home and landscape produces a new unit or full entity. This means that there is no longer a division between the home and the landscape thanks to "whole systems design" and "integration into the landscape" in design. As it now incorporates both the site and the architecture, we are producing a new thing that transcends both.
The third aspect of "integration with the landscape" refers to whether the building was built naturally or artificially. As a result, we understand that architecture is something we impose upon a landscape, making it an artificial entity. In order to synthesis the interaction between the natural and the artificial, we must attempt to close the gap between them in regenerative architecture.

An intelligent limit is the third tenet of regenerative architecture. The design reflects the program's equilibrium, and each material and space is potentially maximized and integrated into its fullest potential positive net input into the entire system, according to this principle. Every programme has a minimum required limit, but it also has a potentially infinite maximum. Since equilibrium can occur under many different situations and can evolve in many different ways depending on what is imposed onto the site, intelligent constraints are essential to the design process because they guarantee that equilibrium can be reached within the system.

To reach a regenerative equilibrium and avoid limiting the system's capacity for regeneration, we wish to impose sensible constraints during the design process.
In order to have the biggest positive impact on the entire system, we are also working to integrate each component.

The fourth principle is "concentration," and it mostly relates to physical space. It is frequently forgotten that the unique relationships between system parts can have a significant impact on how the system functions. Each system element has a relative location or locations inside the site. We ought to create each

With the goal of optimizing that system's capacity and what it can offer to its counterpart systems. Components relative placement.

We also place a lot of emphasis on making the most of our available space while applying the principle of concentration. We can determine the potential of a specific location by examining our site and system. However, we must be careful not to over-program a space or leave out some areas from the "design," as our intervention may not always be the greatest option for a particular site, system, or location. It's crucial to keep in mind that less can sometimes be more.

The fifth rule is "the principle of intelligent construction." It alludes to the building of the site, the building of the systems, and the building of the architecture. The three pillars of intelligent building are material efficiency, material potential maximization, and constructability. The incorporation of the "image" of the design in the materials is another essential component. This means that the material choice can affect how the design is expressed. The place, the design, the systems, and the users are all revealed through the materials.

Bold ecology is the sixth tenet of regenerative architecture. Bold ecology refers to the adoption and spread of ecological systems that serve a number of purposes, are self-regenerating, and yield a positive net output. The bold ecological system goes beyond how we now understand ecology because it embraces and embodies everything that ecological systems have to give, both to the individual ecological system and to us as a whole. We interact with the environment because it gives us a place to live, food to eat, and shelter. Given how deeply it is woven into our lives, ecology acquires a deeper meaning.

"Community" is the eighth regenerative architecture principle. Communities can be clusters of similar things or they might be homogeneous elements. They are always characterized by their connection to all other communities since without the existence of all other communities, it would be impossible to distinguish one particular community. They can occur and exist at extreme minima and peaks. On every scale, communities develop, and because of their inherent capacity for self-organization, new systems are created.

Every community in a system is made up of a smaller group of communities that cohere to form the system as a whole. The components that make up each system and society can then be revealed by taking them apart.

The nearly infinitely large, calculable scales of arranged societies and systems that are present throughout the cosmos are known as layers of scale. A community of bacteria, for instance, lives on a different degree of size than a community of people. The pattern of relationships that exist between various societies and systems throughout the scale horizon are shown to us by the layers of scale.

Because there are more communities with smaller scales, the complexity of the community or system grows exponentially with scale. It's crucial to realize that not all communities can be calculated or understood, even yet their continued existence is necessary for all succeeding communities.

The "experience of place" is the seventh regenerative architecture principle. The experience of the place principle embodies a collection of attributes and phenomenological traits that can be found in and particular to any location. Positive feelings and a defined systemic form should drive the experience. Communities and individuals should be able to experience the location, and it should have a narrative to it. The sense of place conveys the goals of the design and the system's capacity for regeneration.

"Culture" is the eighth principle of. Culture is a fundamental principle that appears at all scale levels and permeates every species, polyculture, structure, and system. Each cultural organization is a part of the location and should be embraced and honored during the planning phase. Every location has a narrative to tell and a history that is deeply ingrained there, and these stories are presented through cultural expression. Using pattern recognition, the cultural expression is located throughout the site analysis phase.

Place Analysis Criteria

The location analysis criteria were developed as a manual for the place analysis phase of the R Urban Intervention Dwelling design process. Based on where they fall on the scale of permanency, the criteria are arranged in ascending order. The place analysis procedure must take place in the order in which they are located. The extensive list of requirements aims to take into account each site system.

The design process' place analysis step is where the designer starts to interact with the location. The designer gathers the entire information essential to create a regenerative architectural design at this phase.

A thorough site plan is created first as the procedure gets started. The subsequent mapping of the site systems is done using the site plan as a base map. Each criterion is represented by a system of translucent or transparent overlays, such as vellum, digital tracing paper, or digital overlays. It is crucial that the designer create, use, and maintain a mapping language concurrently throughout the entire process. The goal is to map each system as the designer sees fit, but each overlay is completed in the order specified by the Place Analysis Criteria and is thoroughly completed in order to produce a set of data maps that accurately and clearly depict the site systems as they actually exist. (For instances of overlays, see figures 20–23 on pages 51 and 52.)

The designers then starts to transform the data into a formal and architectural language as three-dimensional forms start to take shape when the overlays are finished. The designer must use their intelligence to evaluate the data and envision how it might affect three-dimensional forms as part of the intuitive translation process. Numerous design iterations are made as the translation process progresses, and a linear design process emerges as the design changes in response to the data translation and form creation.

Whole Systems Neuron Mapping

An attempt is made to three-dimensionally map the place analysis criteria using the complete systems neuron map. The goal was to provide a set of three-dimensional data that could be used to examine the connections between different place systems. In order to create a design that is comprehensive and built on relationships of mutual support, it is essential to understand the relationships that the systems have.

The structure of the neurons in the brains of mammals is borrowed by the neuron map. The neuron body, axon, and dendrite are the three components that make up a neuron. The neuron body is in charge of receiving and transmitting information to other neurons via electrical impulses. Both the axon and the dendrite are in charge of transmitting and receiving data and signals, respectively. Each neuron is connected to thousands of other neurons by many axons and dendrites.

The cellular neuron and the whole-systems neuron both carry out very similar tasks. Each system's components are separated into their individual parts, and each part is represented by a separate neuron. Neuronal clusters serve as representations for each system. The connections between each individual system component in a cluster determine its structure. The strength and quantity of connections that exist between the various systems determine where each system is located in relation to other systems; the same is true of the overall structure of the entire system. (Page 40's figure 11)

A determination of the nature of the relationships is made after analyzing the relationship between each system and each system component. Relationships can be classified as either being one-sidedly supporting, reciprocally supportive, or having no relationship at all. A system part or system that has the influence has an axon that symbolizes the interaction when there is a mono-directional relationship.

A comparable dendrite from the influencing system or system part received the influence and is present in the influenced system or system component. On each system or system part, there is a corresponding axon and dendrite in the event that there is a mutually supportive relationship, or to put it another way, a relationship that is reciprocally influential.

Solar energy's impact on the site's water system is an illustration of how one system can affect another. The solar energy that each defined component of the water system interacts with has a direct impact on it. Each water system neuron in this situation has dendrites that directly received the effect from the associated axon on the sun energy neuron. (See pages 40, figures 12–15)

The interaction between the vegetation system and the water system is an illustration of two sets of systems that are mutually supporting. In this instance, each component of each system interacts reciprocally with each component of the other system. Each neuron in the plant system has dendrites corresponding to each component of the water system. Corresponding axons in the water system connect to the dendrites of the various components in the vegetation system. The same holds true for how the water system is influenced by the vegetation system. (See pages 40, figures 12–15)

The final product is a model that captures the complexity of the entire system. Under the conditions outlined in the preceding section, the map can be created and used for all location criterion analysis activities. The advantage of employing this approach is that the user gains a thorough understanding of a site's entire structure. It offers a close-up look of the links and relationships that make up the website. This model will produce a different neuron map at each site because each site is unique and each site's internal relationships are unique. (See pages 40, figures 12–15)

CHAPTER 3

THE R_URBAN INTERVENTION DWELLING

Introduction

The R urban Intervention Dwelling is both a model and a method for small-scale architectural interventions that uses a methodology of site and programme analysis and assessment that is human-centric and based on the standards outlined in the nine regenerative architecture principles. Through the development of a technique that enables quick, cost-effective, and productive construction that adheres to the principles of regenerative architecture, it is an effort to un-standardize our housing paradigm. It serves as a blueprint for an alternative to the "McMansion," which has destroyed the residential lives of the neighborhoods, families, and people who have decided to buy them.

Rural and/or Urban Intervention Dwelling is what the name "R Urban Intervention Dwelling" refers to. The R Urban Intervention Dwelling model was created with the premise that our current process for creating residential architecture is completely unsustainable and that an intervention in this methodology is required. Using the location analysis criteria and the nine regenerative architectural principles, the unit may be constructed and designed for any site, whether it is rural, suburban, or urban.

The word "intervention" was chosen because it is clear that practices are generally degenerative in most sectors and that there needs to be a change in these practices. As a demonstration of the variety of forms regenerative methods can take, the R Urban Intervention Dwelling is put into effect. It intervenes in the current paradigm and provides a substitute. There will be two "interventions." As the unit functions within the local regenerative systems, the first aspect of it is the environmental intervention that takes place within the unit.

The opposite side

Since it is an instructional intervention, it is considerably less palpable. The building gives people an illustration of what a "sustainable" existence looks like—one that is more abundant, healthier, and happier. People frequently think that living "sustainably" entails drastically altering their way of life. The R Urban Intervention Dwelling demonstrates to individuals that adopting a regenerative way of life does require adjustment, but not at the sacrifice of comfort, luxury, or wellbeing.
The R urban Intervention Dwelling was built using the CNC, or computer numerical control, method of construction. CNC is a technology that has been used extensively in the manufacturing sector since the 1940s. It is a method of cutting, putting together, or creating things that uses computers to transmit data to a milling machine. With almost endless customization and selection possibilities, the technology creates goods that are incredibly exact and precise. While not frequently utilised in architecture, this technology is now widely used in many other industries to quickly produce and prototype their ideas.

The R urban Intervention Dwelling is made to be put up on-site using pre-fabricated components that are bonded together to form a single, fluid structure. All building components, including the structure, utilities, amenities, etc., are developed at the same time as the CNC-manufactured parts are made. The R urban Intervention Dwelling sectional sections are primarily made of recycled high-density plastic, although the procedure almost eliminates construction waste and the building materials can be quite varied. Additionally, because most of the work is done off-site, this kind of construction substantially lessens the impact the project has on the site while it is being built.

During the design phase, it became evident that the R Urban Intervention Dwelling would not be built using conventional building techniques. The universal design approaches used to create our physical environment today are insufficient for place-based architecture because of the limitations on their applicability and customizability. The use of techniques and materials that have contributed to the decline of our planet as we know it could not possibly be justified in the new home architecture solution.

The challenge became redefining what it meant to plan and build a structure, which was no simple undertaking. Utilizing structural insulated panels, GlueLam, steel frames, stick frames, rammed earth, cob, and straw bales, the R Urban Intervention Dwelling was tested during the design phase. None of these alternatives was sufficient to produce a final product that embodied every trait that the unit was required to have. It was obvious that a flexible, simply adaptable, and easily "idealizable" solution was required because the design possibilities were extremely constrained in all of the available alternatives.
CNC was the best choice because it provided all of the essential qualities for the unit. Many of its design cues come from industrial design since the architecture was now being assembled from separate parts. The end solution demonstrates highly strong structural properties, versatility in application, recyclable nature, and potential universality. Due to the R Urban Intervention Dwelling's high degree of customizability, solutions like living roofs, rainwater collection, passive and active solar energy, wind power, etc. are simple to deploy.

R_Urban Intervention Dwelling 1 – The Coop House

The R Urban Intervention Dwelling model was used to create the architectural concept for The Coop House.

The 750 square foot apartment may house one or two people.

The main living area and the greenhouse are both contained within one structural unit. The Coop house is passively heated and cooled, making it a zero non-renewable energy building.

in addition to being naturally vented, heated, and cooled. The structure's main living space gets additional heating from the greenhouse, which stores heat for the winter.

It is situated on the South Shore of Massachusetts in the town of Hingham. The property is situated beside the Wier River, a tidal inlet with a robust environment and a wide variety of healthy organisms in the biome system. The Wier River and a Hull Wind turbine are seen from the site's southeast corner. The location of the land is in a neighborhood that is predominately made up of diminutive post-war cape style residences. In terms of median yearly per household income, the demographic falls between the lower and middle classes. There has been and will continue to be a surge in the construction of enormous "McMansion"-style mansions on small pieces of land.

The decision to use this location for the first R Urban Intervention Dwelling was heavily influenced by the neighborhood's gradual but steady transformation. It is a chance to stop the trend from starting, educate the locals, and get them involved in stopping the takeover of outdated technology by shoddy "McNansions."
The Coop House extends to the garage building to the west of the new construction and makes use of an existing 16' x 16' concrete slab-on-grade base. A chicken coop once stood on the foundation; it was utilized for about 45 years before the previous owner decided to cease keeping hens and sell the house. The location of the coop was picked because it satisfied a number of the prerequisites for the effective use of the R Urban Intervention Dwelling Model.

The infrastructure that already exists on the site was the primary factor in the decision to choose the coop as the location. Along with the 256 square foot chicken coop, there is a single-family residence measuring 1000 square feet, as well as a detached garage of 600 square feet. In addition to the 256 square feet of the existing coop footprint, the site's 5,625 square feet of productive, plantable, and buildable space total about 2,700 square feet. A grade shift of about 10 feet is present on the site's southern side, and one of about 3 feet is present on its northern side.

In the "backyard" of the existing house, the three structures on the site create a largely enclosed nook. The pocket is a square of green yard space that is about 1000 square feet in size and is generally level. The southern façade of the Coop House is exposed to the yard space using big glazing panels and an operable sliding door on the southeast corner, making this area the centerpiece of the design.

The parameters from the location study were used to construct the architectural form. The analysis produced all the data required for the structure to emerge. The building's north side begins at grade and rises sharply in the direction of the south, resulting in flowing surfaces on the north and mixing the wall and roof boundaries. Two of the site systems in particular contributed to the fluid shape. The wind system was the main factor, as the cold winter winds from the northwest attack the structure and flow aerodynamically up and over its northern surface. The second most important mechanism for illustrating the fluid shape of the structure was the water system. The final form enables the water to run uniformly and smoothly down the northern façade, ending up collected on grade level as the structure curves to become parallel to the ground plane. This was necessary to capture and purify the precipitation that acted on the building.

A living roof system is applied to the northern façade in an effort to counteract the ground surface that the building consumes. The winter wind will be diluted by the living roof, lessening its heat impact. It is called the precipitation treatment system because it enables water to permeate the soil surface, lessening the force of the water flow downward while simultaneously purifying the water and irrigating the living roof. The living roof is a fantastic insulator throughout the entire year. It can offer an additional R50 insulation value to the roof and northern façade, which is a huge quantity of insulation suitable for the harsh New England weather.

Passive solar heating necessitated a significant quantity of glazing on the southern façade. There are 278 square feet of glazed area on the façade, with an extra 35 and 17 square feet on the east and west, respectively. The greenhouse can function well and the living room can be passively heated with this quantity of glazing providing the necessary solar gain.

In order to shade the interior during the summer and minimize overheating while allowing the southern winter sun to penetrating deeply into the structure and use the mass of the structure to store energy, the southern façade has a roof overhang that extends beyond the windows. Because the living space requires more precise shelter from the summer sun, the overhang is much more noticeable on the eastern end of the building. As it moves across the southern façade to the western end of the building, the overhang gradually gets less.

The site study performed for the solar energy system of the site gave the overhang its curvature and projection distance. For the twentieth of every month from December through June, the sun trajectories were three-dimensionally modeled. The structure was applied to, and the path's direct path arch was examined in order to determine the overhang form. The form was designed using the sun path model for the month of April. Additionally, the southern façade had a compound curvature performed within the surface in both the x and y axis directions. The sun path arch for the month of December, when the sun is at its lowest in the sky, was projected to create this curve.

Both the greenhouse entrance and the entrance to the living area are located on the southern façade of the building. An integrated deck space with a bench seat spans the southern façade's living room portion at a height of 2' 6", sweeps over the façade from the eastern side of the deck, and terminates with a symmetrical sweep down to the western border of the deck. For the people living in the building to use during the pleasant weather months, the overhang above curls down at the edge. To keep mosquitoes and other pests out, a screen mesh can be attached to the overhang's edge and stretched down to the edge of the deck on the three exposed sides. Downlights are included into the inner surface of the overhang above the deck to illuminate the outdoor area at night.

An integrated all-season planter for food production improved indoor air quality, humidity control, and temperature adjustment is located inside the southern façade. The planter is made to optimize the amount of solar radiation that enters, resulting in the highest yield possible given the solar energy input. Because convective radiation reduces laminar airflow up the internal surface of the glass, the vegetation on the inside of the glazing also serves as insulation. Additionally, a barrier is built to protect the inhabitants from the harsh heat of direct southern light.

An integrated cord wood storage box for zone zero access to heating fuel is built onto the eastern façade. The function of the wall is maximized by incorporating the wood storage into the façade, which also gives the occupants easy access to and protection for their cordwood. A translucent fiberglass covering covers the top half of the inside surface of the wood storage area. The panel's purpose is to let the space's diffused eastern morning sun in through the panel and via the cordwood. Without compromising the wall's functionality, the lighting effect created is a treat for the residents in the morning. The cordwood also insulates against the weather outside.

One fluid surface that flows, mutates, and transforms to provide all of the amenities that are built into the structure makes up the inside of the living area. On the inside of the planter wall, a bench seat is provided, using the vertical wall space as the bench's back. A fluid surface that serves as a functional element is created by combining the tabletop and second bench seat in the same formal gesture. The entire interior surface, including the bathroom amenities, kitchen counter surfaces, bench seating for lounge seating, and an interior thermal mass wall, is covered with the same approach.

A wood-burning stove is built into the living space side of the thermal mass wall. In the winter, the stove is utilized as supplemental heating, and the wall's thickness of almost one foot serves as thermal storage for the heat generated by the stove. On its southern end, this wall has a ladder stair as well. The sleeping loft is built into the upper level of the building and is accessible by a ladder stair.

The sleeping loft, which is integrated into the building above the mass wall, the bathroom, and out into the greenhouse space, is an additional 100 square feet approximately. The living area end of the open loft is where it is the widest. At the greenhouse end, it narrows to a smaller diameter. The purpose of this is to provide the residents a feeling of security and protection, making it a cosy place to sleep.

The interior of the sleeping loft has a flowing design that improves ventilation within the area while also enhancing sleeping comfort.

Between the walls dividing the living space from the greenhouse and the thermal mass wall is the bathroom. The room is long and narrow, and the innermost wall is where the composting toilet is located. The bathroom is intended to be a wet bath, which means it lacks a separate shower or bath stall in favor of an overhead showerhead that uses the entire room as the shower area. On the space's entrance side, the thermal mass wall incorporates a sink as well. Integrating the hot water plumbing into the thermal mass wall prevents heat loss, insulates the pipes to help prevent heat loss, and may even help heat the water when the wood fire is running.

The living room is accessible from the greenhouse through a glass sliding pocket door. The ramp that drops two feet to the greenhouse floor is also accessible from the landing on the greenhouse side of the door, which also serves as an entryway to the garden area in the yard. The top of the greenhouse floor is one foot above street level and two feet below the existing slab of the chicken coop.

The northern façade is where the building's primary entrance is located. The entrance is shielded from being inset by 3 feet from the edge of the roof and faces east. For the purpose of accommodating and safeguarding the entry, the surface of the northern façade fractures and peels outward.
To avoid being exposed to the chilly winter winds from the northwest, the entrance faces east. A gently sloping ramp leads the occupant up and into the wide, welcome area that serves as the entry way from the street.

A number of manufactured and integrated zone 1 annual and perennial food production planters are affixed to the eastern and southern edges of the deck on the structure's southern side. The yard area, which is intended to be a grilling area, raised keyhole planters, and circulation walkways, is beyond the planters. The grade starts to slope downward at the yard's edge and drops to a level that is about 9 feet below the yard's grade. On-contour planting beds are located along the hill's contour and alternate with swales until the hill's base, where it flattens out and the property line terminates.

The design approach was highly meticulous because it began with the coop's existing structure and progressed via site analysis, form translation, and form development. Since the final shape required numerous formal modifications, the design process was iterated upon. Due to the application of the location analysis data throughout all iterations, which forced modifications when the analysis was applied to the form, the procedure needed to be iterated. In essence, the form "grew" out of the location analysis through an evolutionary process that produced what might be regarded as one of several "perfect" solutions for and by the site.

The iterative method was required in order to understand and create the relationships that each building and site element had with one another, as was previously discussed in the section headed "Whole Systems "Neuron" Mapping." As many mutually beneficial and encouraging connections as possible must be made. All of the Nine Principles of Regenerative Architecture fit under this category.

The Nine Principles of Regenerative Architecture's objectives were met thanks in part to the R Urban Intervention Dwelling design method that was used to create the Coop House. The Coop House blends in with the surroundings, contributes to the area, and has a great deal of potential to be seen as regenerative. Although it was not necessary in producing and testing the proposed design process, the final design has not been meticulously described. Even though it wasn't flawless right away, the procedure has changed with time.

Numerous intangibles were made apparent, and process defects were fixed. The resulting procedure is theoretically portable and has a distinct linear path.SZ

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Role of Technology in Architecture Assignment Sample

Introduction

Given how it has impacted several social, economic, and political endeavors, technology has emerged as one of the fundamentally important parts of the modern world. It has evolved into an important aspect of the architectural profession in this regard. Architecture used to be restricted to the physical conception and realization of building-related ideas (Emmitt 26). Modern architecture has not achieved a new status with the introduction of technology in both approaches and tools used. Using digital platforms, architects may now design, represent, and build buildings in the modern world. This has changed the field so that architects can now view the structures from multiple perspectives and build them quickly.

In essence, the use of technology in architecture can be considered in terms of the tools employed in the process, the methods envisioned by the experts, and the evolution of technology over time. As a result, the focus of this architecture assignment essay will be on how technology affects architecture in relation to the approaches that are currently in use, the tools that architects use to complete their work, and how the entire profession has changed as a result of technological advancements. This will be presented with the assumption that in order to have a successful architectural career, all of these aspects must be taken into account and employed in concert.

Technological Impact on Architectural Techniques

Data Management

The handling of data in architecture is one of the most fundamentally important parts of architecture. Prior to the development of technology, data was kept in the form of physical papers that could be accessed whenever needed. However, the storage was susceptible to being destroyed and to losing important data, which had a detrimental impact on how well the architectural proceedings went. The arrival of technology altered the entire information system, resulting in the storage of data in contemporary hardware like computers. In summary, there are several tasks that the information system fulfils when it comes to the management of data that is relevant to architecture. Data management required a number of different tasks, including data storage, transport, filtering, processing, and protection. When it comes to the overall structure of information to ensure successful architecture, these factors are the most important.

Particularly, the system is used to store data by recording numerous elements, including dimensions and other specifications unique to particular architectural constructions. The fundamental effect of technology on storage is predicated on the ability of architects to store very large volumes of data for usage throughout the design process. In contrast, because the architects had to manually record the data, the manual storage could rarely accommodate large amounts of information. The way data is transported and shared with other businesses has also been improved. Essentially, the manual duplication of the files through recording was how the old transfer system worked. However, the introduction of technical gadgets to quickly and instantly share information with the appropriate parties has improved the transfer procedure. Since there are multiple parties involved in the architectural process in this situation of transferring, it is necessary to realise that exchanging data is essentially essential. As a result, the transmission of information becomes crucial, and the effectiveness of the entire process depends on how quickly it is transmitted.

Processing is the other task that is impacted by technology in architectural data management. Prior to the development of technology data-management systems, the recorded data was processed manually by consulting files and calculating the figures to produce accurate data for designing. To process the massive amounts of data and produce useable information, many people were needed. A new era for this profession began with the adoption of data information systems. There are functions that enable the instantaneous organisation and grouping of information when it is fed into the information systems. Remember that unstructured storage of raw data makes it difficult to extract much information from them. Technology-based information systems process data fast to arrange it in ways that are useful for both designing and building. Importantly, filtering is a crucial step in the information processing process. This task entails deleting information that is unrelated to a certain project. For instance, if an architect wants to focus on data about roofing, using data-management systems to filter out the information that isn't relevant to roof constructions becomes simple.

Protection is another crucial component of data management that has benefited from the arrival of technology. In summary, the loss of saved data is likely the most terrible incident that can obstruct the development process. Data protection used to be achieved by locking files in rooms or on shelves, but technological methods now are more dependable. Essentially, technology enables architects to back up their data utilizing drives and websites. As a result, experts can access such information whenever they need it for building design. In essence, information systems safeguard data in a way that facilitates quick access and full utilization of information.

The main driver of the promotion of sustainable architectural techniques has been technology. Creating buildings and systems that do not endanger or limit the prospects for future generations is at the heart of sustainable architecture (Drake 213). For instance, it has made it possible for architects to create efficient and effective ventilation systems for air conditioning. In this regard, it is crucial to keep in mind that indoor pollution has historically been a significant cause of illnesses and fatalities. The use of technology, however, enables architects to plan buildings so that heat is expelled from them and routed to the water or waste system. The energy from the water or garbage can then be recycled and transferred to the building's fresh air thanks to current technology. Additionally, technological advancements have made it possible to create sustainable electrical systems that consume less energy in homes (Turrent 378). In order to improve the efficiency of HVAC systems and promote the sustainability of the electricity, it has designed motors that power them.

The devices can function without a lot of solar energy from the sun because to the passive design's effective solar energy capture. The design is essentially made possible by the application of technology to include building materials with high thermal mass. The maximum amount of solar energy can be captured by these materials and used to power the constructions. A further development that makes it possible to build low-energy buildings is the advent of technology, particularly the use of digital design tools. In this sense, structures that have a very low surface-to-volume ratio have been designed using technical tools.

The most cutting-edge method of building design that has been created is artificial architecture. It may be said that it was a brave and deliberate move that has changed the way people look at and perceive architecture. It has used mathematical approaches to produce designs with a naturalistic feel. The method has given architects a means to use algorithms to address significant architectural issues that have arisen over time. It's significant that this method makes use of the computer as a partner in collaboration rather than just a tool for work. It has combined a number of fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, and architecture, to develop a technique that can offer useful answers to issues (Dunn 345). These fields come together to form algorithmic design, a common and cutting-edge technique. Using complex algorithms, technology was employed to create morphologies in traditional architectural processes. To visualise the ideas envisioned by the architect in multiple viewpoints and dimensions, CAD systems are used. In essence, this programme makes it possible to generate repetitious operations that are often done manually automatically. Since the architects must reproduce their previous work in order to complete following duties, the repetitive jobs make the work boring. To modify and process the actual designs that exist in the architect's imagination, it performs intricate computations.

Artificial architecture, on the other hand, is built up in a way that allows the computer to develop entirely distinct designs from those that are in the architect's thoughts. This procedure entails simulating intricate and realistic designs or using generative techniques to generate whole new ideas. Although the method relies on CAD, technology has made it possible to incorporate scripting languages in this programme to enable the system to execute better jobs. Most of these intricate but useful models could not be used when the architects were working manually, as was to be expected. However, with the use of computers, it is now simple to compute these models and produce useful structural designs. In essence, where the architects and computer specialists have been able to incorporate direct programming to code designs and enable the software to produce the integrated structure is where the important use of technology in this technique originates.

The fact that technology has created algorithms that can be printed in 3D and allow interpreters to see all the characteristics and intentions of the designer is actually extremely fortunate. This suggests that the computer acts more like a designer than like an extension of the designer, thereby performing the role more effectively than the conventional one. This has been the key factor in the success of modern architecture in producing excellent designs that rely on computational morphology as well as the creativity of the architect. For the purposes of illustration, let's say that a computer that employs this technological technique may create a predefined design of, among other things, a hotel, an amphitheatre, and a library. In this scenario, the theatre may assume a parasitic arrangement derived from the Boolean calculations, while the library could adopt a fractal architecture. In general, the use of this cutting-edge technical method has made it simpler for architects to develop quickly and effectively. In essence, this approach can be described as a multidisciplinary paradigm that incorporates knowledge from various fields, including computer engineering, mathematics, and architecture. As a result, it was a wholly novel and transformative move that helped the profession advance significantly. These are the most useful ways of designing that have resulted from this development, while many other strategies have been created and improved through technology.

Technology Architecture Focusing on Tools

Technology architecture deals with the development of instruments used in building design and construction in addition to emphasising method improvement. In this regard, engineers have been working nonstop to create tools that are more user-friendly, effective, and accurate than the ones that came before them. Prior to the advent of the digital age, architects designed with conventional instruments like pencils and paper. All architectural design during this time was carried out manually utilising these instruments. In essence, the use of slide rulers, compasses, and dividers was essential for constructing constructions. When producing the designs, the lead and markers were also employed extensively. These instruments were dependent on the architects' manual dexterity, and their capacity for error avoidance was the primary determinant of successful design.

These tools have partially been phased out due to changes in technological architecture. The majority of the time, experts employed them to create the initial designs before continuing with digital operations. As a result, it suggests that these tools are still used in architecture. Professionals can access and use computer programmes to complete the same activities more effectively thanks to the work of technology architects. The Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programme, which took the place of the drafting board, which served as a drawing platform, is one of these programmes (Silver, William and Dason 129). This software has the extra benefit of being able to examine the structure's tolerance and endurance using prototypes that simplify intricate architectural features. However, because CAD was only interested in drafting the building, technological architects found that it was a rudimentary programme utilised in creating structures. Technology architecture was used to identify modelling as a CAD programme replacement. This went beyond simple design by using simulations that enabled complete modelling and took the mechanical organisation of the structure into account.

For instance, it enables the use of various tools by the architects, including digital woodworking facilities, to construct and integrate the intended models. Technology has also improved architectural office tools like information systems in addition to design tools. The current information system saves the data digitally, in contrast to traditional techniques where information was exclusively kept on documents. The systems use less energy than the conventional ones to store, process, and safeguard the information. As a result, it is clear that technology architecture places a strong emphasis on the technological facets of both the tools and the applied approaches.

Architecture Focuses on the Designs

Architecture is concerned with the designs employed by the involved professions, whereas architectural technology concentrates on the features of processes and instruments. In this way, architecture is concerned with creating fresh ideas for building design. It completes this task by taking into account a range of previous knowledge and experiences that have been accumulated in order to generate fresh designs. It instructs the staff on how to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a particular design in order to improve it in terms of timing and function. To create a design that serves the required function, it helps to decide what the architect should keep and eliminate. This is linked to the reduction of harms that a design might cause in connection to its setting and function. Architecture also emphasises how challenges in designing are resolved by learning from past errors. In essence, the issues are not brought on by the tools employed in the designing process, but rather by the inadequacy of the chosen design. Because of this, architecture only considers the design and leaves concerns about tool use to technology architecture. It is clear that the methods created by technological architecture are employed to fulfil the design but have no impact on it. In addition, they have an impact on the effectiveness and speed of design rather than the actual design.

Impact on the Wider Society

The application of architectural technology has had a significant effect on societal welfare. It became clear in the first section that technology makes it possible to develop sustainable structures that minimise waste and maximise the use of available energy. For instance, passive design enables the creation of buildings and structures that absorb energy without the costly photovoltaic cells. This suggests that the locals make the most of the available energy. The filtration of indoor air and the lowering of heat in homes have also significantly reduced indoor pollution. The water and waste systems receive this heat, which is then used to warm the inside air in the homes. The stress placed on the architecture has also been lessened by the deployment of cutting-edge technology. Because of the decreased burden, designing is now more quickly completed, making societal building construction simpler.

Comparison of Gothic and Romanesque with 21st Century Architecture

The utilisation of technology and the designs can be used to draw comparisons between these two eras. Romanesque and Gothic architecture did not utilise any technological innovations in this area because there were no tools available to aid in the design process at the time. This makes sense given the two distinct architectural eras between the sixth and sixteenth centuries. Particularly, the Gothic styles developed from the Romanesque styles between the sixth and the twelfth centuries. Because technology at the time was so outdated, architects had to design everything by hand.

In terms of architecture, buildings during the Romanesque era were distinguished by their semicircular curves (Prina 127). During its existence, this design had conquered and ruled numerous locations all over the continent. The Gothic architectural styles, which were marked by sharply pointed tops and buttress appearances, emerged from Romanesque architecture as it developed. Churches, palaces, and halls, among many other public institutions, were the main users. In contrast, the trend of designs in the twenty-first century has changed. In this way, the patterns are inspired by naturalistic occurrences like eggs, butterflies, and other elements present in various settings. Incorporated green and sustainable design has also come to represent the 21st century. These plans seek to reduce waste and the amount of energy used in construction (Schrenk 239). This suggests that the structures are constructed not just to be aesthetically pleasing but also to promote the welfare of people. In comparison to traditional architecture, this architecture has essentially undergone a significant development.

Conclusion

It is obvious that the tools and methods utilised in the design process have changed significantly during the course of the architectural profession. In essence, effective methods have been discovered, such as artificial architecture and the creation of sustainable designs. The instruments utilised for designing have also undergone significant improvement and alteration, it has been revealed. Traditional architects in this situation relied on the skill, accuracy, and ingenuity of the architect while employing manual equipment like pencils and rulers. However, new tools have been created by the technology architecture, including CAD and BIM software. On the other side, research has demonstrated that architecture concentrates on creating the designs rather than the tools or processes that were utilised to create them. Additionally, the advanced technology employed by modern architects to create structures was not present in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Last but not least, while the two classical arts were created without taking the green ideology into consideration, 21st-century architecture emphasises sustainability.

Therefore, it is undeniable that modern architecture is superior to earlier architecture.

Works Cited

Roman vs Greek Architecture Assignment Sample

Question

Task:  Provide a detailed essay on the comparison between Roman vs Greek architecture

Answer

Introduction

The primary goal of writing this Architecture assignment was to inform the reader of the obvious distinctions between Greek and Roman ancient architecture. Although there are some notable similarities between the architecture of Rome and Greece, it is first necessary to comprehend their fundamental contrasts in order to comprehend both of their architectural styles. We believe that this essay comparing Roman and Greek architecture will be very useful for your historical tasks.

Greek Architecture

The influence of Greek architecture is particularly admirable in the chapters on world history and modern architectural design. Modern structures clearly drew a lot of inspiration from Greek architecture. The post and lintel system, in which designs are made by placing columns, is mostly used in Greek architecture. Even though the text makes the idea of stacking columns appear extremely elementary and straightforward, ancient Greek architecture used the same technology to produce amazing structures. You can see a high degree of precision in every design in the architecture of ancient Greece. The ancient Roman buildings were later impacted by the architecture's precision and simplicity.

Five separate orders were established for the ancient architecture. They were Composite, Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian, and Doric in style. The Roman architects suggested these categorizations. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, the first three classes, were developed in Greece and eventually gave rise to the last two classes. Instead of the first three orders, which are thought to be the true origins of classical architecture, the Tuscan and Composite orders are a mixture of several styles (Woolf, 1994). The classification of various architectural orders is done based on the design and decoration present at the topmost section of the pillars or columns.

The Doric Order

The Doric style is the first instance of order in Greek architecture. In this arrangement, a very straightforward method is used, and the column's top is left in its basic, undecorated state. However, parallel grooves could be seen all down the column.
If you look closely, the temples were constructed without a basis, following the architectural style of ancient Greece. The distinction between Doric structures in both Roman and Greek architecture is made by the alternate usage of metopes and triglyphs (Kostof, 1995). By incorporating the corresponding three grooves on the beams with wooden ends, the triglyphs were further modified. The architraves that are located at the bottom of the entablature further support the design. Each triglyph is supported by its corresponding peglikedrop in order to maintain the architecture's overall structure. Triglyphs are frequently coupled with the triglyphs at the opposite column and placed over the center of pillars or columns. The corner triglyph at each entablature's corner is a feature of Greek architecture that serves to set it apart from other columns. The triglyphs are divided using identical areas by arranging the topic topes (WALLACE?HADFULL, 1998).

The Ionic Order

If the history of Greek architecture is to be believed, the Ionic order emerged after the Doric order. The Ionic order of architecture can be recognized by examining the scrolling pattern employed at the top of the columns. The bases of the columns that fall under this classification are fluted. Compared to the pillars found under the Doric category, those in this division are significantly more slender.

The Corinthian Order

The Corinthian order rose to prominence among architects during the latter period of Greek architecture. Only the latter period of classical Greece may be used to date the first structure in this order. The Corinthian order is used to construct the majority of Greece's elaborate and significant structures. This type of construction could be used to trace a wide range of related Ionic order characters. The majority of the regal buildings are where this art form first emerged.

Roman Architecture

Rome's buildings exhibited a clear influence from Greek architecture. Numerous aspects of this civilization were similar to those built during the early Greek era. Roman architecture has been greatly impacted by the Corinthian style of architecture. As a result of their ability to adapt to new ideas and technology, ancient Roman architects were hailed as highly talented innovators. They still hold true in the contemporary era, the fresh changes they produced. Still considered to be among the most sophisticated and cutting-edge architectural techniques are those used to construct arches and domes. In their architectural designs, people in Roman society frequently combined Doric, Corinthian, and Ionic approaches. However, because the Corinthian style added aesthetic components to the design, it was primarily used in the buildings.

Let's use the Tuscan column as an example, which is quite similar to the Doric column and has delicate patterns on top. The Tuscan column is typically seen in areas like verandahs and peristyles of Rome's structures (Senseney, 2011). There was a time in ancient Rome when the columns were added more for decoration than to provide structural support for the building.

The Evident Similarities and Dissimilarities Between Roman and Greek Architecture

There are several obvious parallels between the architectural styles used by Greek and Roman culture, as discussed in the previous portion of this essay comparing Roman and Greek architecture. Rome's architects were influenced by Greek architecture, which explains why there are similarities between the two. After a protracted length of time, the Roman architects developed a distinctive art form.

The lintel construction was the one that Greek architects favored the most when it came to building techniques. The Romans, in contrast, opted to build a real arch. The Palomar Educational Style Guide mentions it.

While the Roman building techniques are affected by the traditions in Greek architecture, there are some obvious differences between them, as was previously described in this essay comparing Roman and Greek architecture. The material used to build the buildings was where the main difference could be seen. In both Roman and Greek architecture, limestone and marble are primarily employed. However, the usage of concrete for construction purposes was invented by the contemporary Rome architectural style. Concrete was a really innovative invention that made it easier to create organic shapes.

One of the common elements of the building style used in the Roman and Greek cultures is the use of pillars or columns. As was previously established, the Corinthian order was frequently utilized by the Romans, whilst the Ionic and Doric styles were frequently used by Greek architects.

When comparing the Roman and Greek architectural styles, it becomes clear that the construction's goals are largely unlike. The construction in Greece was done to honor the people and the Gods, which accounted for its straightforward design. However, the Romans later developed a number of building tools that enabled them to build intricate and flowing constructions. The architecture of diverse buildings in Rome was less homogeneous than it was in Greek architecture. Roman architecture might be more aesthetically pleasing, both internally and outside, reflecting the importance of pleasure and monarchy in Roman culture (Malacrino, 2010).

The post and lintel construction method used in the Greek style required that the building adheres to equilateral forms. Roman architects had a far more in-depth understanding of architecture and were adept at creating complex shapes like domes and arches. Roman architecture is still thought to be distinguished by these figures. However, Greek architecture is regarded as the most straightforward and ornate sort of building design.

Pantheon and Parthenon

Parthenon and Pantheon are names for Greek and Roman temples, respectively. The Parthenon in Greece is devoted to the God Athena, unlike the Pantheon in Rome, which was constructed for the Roman Gods. The Pantheon was erected much later, between 447 and 438 AD, as opposed to the Parthenon, which was completed far earlier in 126 BC.

A thorough examination revealed striking similarities between the Parthenon and the Pantheon. The reason for the striking similarity is that Roman architecture borrowed heavily from Greek design. Despite the fact that both of these buildings have undergone several renovations, commonalities still remain between them. The respective villages used both of the locations as their churches. Because the Roman populace was deeply devout, the Pantheon was unaffected by theft and other harm. Even though the situation was different from the Parthenon and most of its components were gone by the 17th century (Meritt, 1969).

The Parthenon was built on Ionic columns using the Doric style of architecture. The floor was constructed from marble over a limestone substructure. In ancient Greece, marble and limestone were regarded as the most prevalent building materials. The temple's pillars have numerous carvings on them; the east pediment depicts the birth of Athena, while the western pediment tells the rivalry between Poseidon and Athena (Taylor, 2003).

Although the art form and structure of the Pantheon are completely different from that of the preceding context, highly decorated Corinthian columns are utilized in it, along with perfect domes and arches, it is shown by many historians in their essays comparing Roman and Greek architecture. Roman building styles placed a strong emphasis on aesthetics and fine details. However, the Pantheon also uses the same building materials, like marble and limestone.

Conclusion

It is clear from reading the background information in this essay on Roman vs. Greek architecture that the present construction styles were created over the course of centuries of change in architectural history. Modern construction methods were greatly influenced by the work of Roman and Greek architects. Even while there were obvious similarities between the two styles, each had its own unique character and meaning. Roman architecture has advanced and becomes more exact as a result of the invention of concrete.

References

CSM80017 Managing Quality and Safety in Construction Site Operation Assignment Sample

PART 1 OF GROUP PROJECT (20% WEIGHTING)

To answer Part 1, you are suggested to consider any one of particular recently projects for your case-study. Assume a key role in that chosen recently completed project, you are required to provide your report including:

(i) the communication and documentation arrangements for managing quality problems in construction the site operations in your chosen case-study project

(ii) the communication and documentation arrangements for safety issues and incidents/ accidents in the construction site operations of your chosen case-study project

(iii) An infographics for any one of the following in construction site operations in that case-study project for assignment help

a. a specific rework occurrence;
b. a particular quality problem due to poor workmanship
c. a Safety incidence due to some equipment failure
d. a safety issue due to a specific human error

PART 2 (20% WEIGHTING)

To answer Part 2 of CSM80017 Groupwork, you are suggested to consider any one of forthcoming new projects. Assume a key role in that new project, you are required to provide your report including

(i) Your recommendations for effectively integrated safety and quality management by employing sophisticated technologies along with advanced safety culture and safety leadership synergies

(ii) Suitable infographics for any two of the following for construction site operations in that new project:

a. a specific rework occurrence that might cause some workplace health and safety issue(s);
a particular safety incidence that might lead to specific quality problem(s)
an opportunity for integrating specific safety and quality agenda
a digital technology solution potentially enhancing occupational health and safety
a digital technology solution potentially leveraging quality aspect(s)

Your written report of this “Group Work Part 2° can be normally 3 to 5 pages (total) excluding cover information and references.

Solution

India: Multisector Project for Infrastructure Rehabilitation in Jammu and Kashmir

In this case study, the construction or the rehabilitation of the infrastructure of different sectors and units in Jammu and Kashmir, India is understood. The complete project was supported by the ADB (Asian Development Bank). The project comprises of improving urban facilities and utilities and constructing the damaged rules in Jammu and Kashmir for the rural and urban lifestyle of people. For this, initiates like building the broken bridges and roads back and improving the water supply system overall including the change of complete drainage system and better transportation facilities in terms of roads and bridges.The project is distributed in three parts in terms of construction. The first part is the urban sector construction. The second part is the transport sector construction and the last part is the capacity building construction.The role I played in this complete project is for designing, planning and understanding the roadmaps.

Part 1

1. Communication and documentation arrangements made for managing quality problems on construction sites.

Communication & document management is mandatory discipline that is considered with implementing the flow of documents in order to make the project essentials store, find, change, and share. Document management can imply both digital and physical forms. So, in this infrastructure rehabilitation project of Jammu & Kashmir, various challenges have been identified that raised the quality of the project. In this manner, to control and manage such quality issues in this project, it is essential to manage both communication and documentation. A list of strategies is outlined in the following points to demonstrate the technique of arranging the communication as well as documentation for managing the quality issues. The documents are arranged digitally and each project specification will be arranged separately to access them immediately as per needs.

Cost issues with Initial Project implementation: To ensure the quality of project, a step should be considered while starting a project. A document can be arranged by making a proposal in which the intent of a project is captured by communicating with project associates. This proposal will involve the project resources, timeline, planning, cost, and stakeholder information. In this manner, the progress, cost, and time can be estimated to investigate whether the quality is maintained or not (EcoSys 2022). However, this step is helpful in meeting quality controls but the documentation from initial stage needs a significant time to record each thing on system. In this, cost is also required for storage and additional time to make the project.

Operational risks in Document the deliverables: All the deliverables can be managed in a document and it can be arranged systematically with delivery date and status. This document will help the project manager to estimate the concurrency of the project. While a deliverable is documented then it needs the operations and processes implemented on that each time. The construction operation is complex to explain thus, there is an operational risk which can be accurately or inaccurately documented.

Regulatory & Compliance risks in Edits & Changes: This is a common thing that this construction project is done to reconstruct the infrastructure of Jammu & Kashmir so, that transportation areas, draining systems, roads, and buildings are rebuilt or treated again. So, there are lots of changes that have been made during the project. To manage the quality of the project, each change is documented in a separate document by analyzing by team members in a meeting. Although, this process has a regulatory and compliance risk because, making any changes in the construction sites can cause violated law or regulation due to the unawareness. So, the team has faced this issue while documenting the changes.

Unethical Verifications & Approvals: A document can be created in which a table can be used with requirement specifications, required resources, changes, and feedback. Consequently, a particular reason for that change or resource and its status with approved and unapproved can be maintained. The date must also be mentioned to verify the approvals and time taken to start and finish that operation to increase the quality (EcoSys 2022). In documentation procedure of verification and approval, the team faced an issue to document it properly because only partial information they have on their hand so, incomplete documentation is not worthy to keep.

In this manner, quality can be improved by documenting each operation separately to estimate the overall case. All documents then can be saved in a single digital folder. Thus, by documenting everything the communication is well-arranged which enhances the quality.However, with the positive features, the project team has faced other issues regarding documentation such as-

• Difference in content and style caused issues in respect of contract’s terms & conditions.

• Confusion on terms and conditions made the documentation inadequate.

• Tender documentations are also not allowed in digital arrangements because it needed use of separate software to upload or write the attachments and they are very large.

• Risk of fraud and software failure were some other risks in documentation arrangements.

2. Communication and documentation arrangements were made for safety issues and accidents on the construction site.

To manage the safety and accidental issues in Jammu Kashmir project, RAMS documents have been used. RAMS is an acronym for Risk Assessment Method Statement that can help this project to make it safer by improving the project operations and protecting the project from the consequences of inadequate risk management. RAMS is used in communication & documentation arrangements for accidents and safety measures by minimizing absence due to sickness, preventingmisunderstanding, and controlling the health issues with proper communication and records (CHAS 2022).

On the other hand, document software is maintained to ensure safety and accidental issues. In this document, health, safety, welfare, and accident-based guidelines, and instructions are listed. That is communicated in each meeting to ensure safety with a document presentation. This arrangement of documents represents that-
In any health state, the worker can communicate to the supervisor, and the worker will be protected with robust equipment arrangements. Safety is also documented and communicated with instruction lists and caption boards on site. Safety involved safe techniques of work, provision of personnel protective tools, reasonable hours of work, and provision of first-aid & medical kits. The accident-based list is prepared separately on-site with record of any accident, injury, resume the duty of a worker due to injury, or total loss/damage of plant, property, material, & environment. Some arrangements for safety are suggested below-

The documentation and communication arrangements can be done differently as-

• Sorting everything within 15 days helps to arrange the documents properly.

• Avoiding making too many files/folders can manage the arrangements easily

• Each document is arranged by type and manage them in a lidded box with stick notes.

The planning has been robustly done but there were several issues that have been faced and experienced during the communication and documentation arrangements based on safety and accidents. These challenges are-

• Many labors did not have their identity proof so, to quickly accomplishing the project, they have been appointed. So, by taking the advantage of this matter, they have hidden their real age and constantly working to the project. Thus, it was complex to keep factual information and estimate safety measures.

• Many labors did not tell if they have any illness or disease to earn money. This information was also missing and became a concerning point for safety control.

• All the members who have certificates or medical and identity proof are required a software to attach their certificates and identity evidence that need extra cost and time in documentation and communication process.

3. Safety issues due to poor workmanships in construction sites.

Some casualties or fatalities in construction site happens due to unsafe situations or sometimes due to the poor workmanship (Pandey, 2022). Lack of awareness or the proper guidance or sometimes normal fall can cause a lot of damage to an individual as well as the project record.The below image presents the most common casualty or the fatal accidents happening at the site or construction project. Mishaps during the development cycle can correspondingly bring about private wounds and huge expenses. Roundabout expenses of protection, examination and guideline are expanding quickly because of these expanded direct expenses. Kindly refer the below in each to get a proper understanding of the four fatal Constructions fault.

Figure 1: Infographic of safety issues.
(Source: BigRentz 2022)

The first fatal type is falls. This is caused due to the unawareness of the worker or sometimes the stickiness or materials on the road that can make the floor slippery as well as unable or difficult to walk and work for an individual which can lead to severe damage for the worker as sometimes, they can be injured due to this.
The next fatal type is stuck by an object During the construction many heavy machines are used So sometimes while using these machines they might be an error which can cause an individual to be endangered that sometimes instead of picking up the brick or heavy item the individual itself get stuck by the hook or something.

The next type of fatal is the electrocutions. in the construction of any project whether bigger or smaller, whenever something is built the lines or the electric department needs to be connected Which sometimes while working, they might be an electric shock or something sever that can cause the individual life at risk (Rashid et al., 2017).

While working in the project for urban construction or transportation and water supply or whether drainage system, there was a time when people were carrying or lifting heavy objects and they got in between an object or got hurt because of that heavy objects as shown in the above image, which were unable to handle by the workers at a point. This can lead to injury and damage to an individual’s life.

Part 2

In this upcoming project of India, the inland waterways aim to develop the national waterways including the two main waterways, the Brahmaputra and the Ganga. The development of the waterways can lead to many benefits like increase in tourism, employment for people across the country and clean of water to cities and towns nearby and transport not across the region but through different modes in the coming three to four years.This way of transportation can make transportation easy for cities nearby like Patna, Sirajganj, Triveni, Kolkata, Bihar, Assam, etc. due to the rivers connectivity and newly found infrastructure for supply with multi beneficial factors.Now for this upcoming project my role is to recommend for improving the safety measure and quality of the tools as well as different methods that can be employed for training of the workers and employees to avoid such incidents and promote more towards safety (Wang et al., 2020). An overview of the complete project as well as the lines connecting are presented in the image below:

Figure 2: Inland Waterways Project overview.
(Source: Drishti IAS 2020)

1. Recommendations for improving safety and quality of tools.

• By using 3D - BIM recreation in the security preparationof thesewaterways projects, the quality of operation and safety can be improved. 3D-BIM is an essential tool that is broadly used in construction projects. The waterways project of India can be strategically and appropriately planned and completely using BIM tools as it offers high-level decision-making and problem-solving capabilities. Hence, that will reduce the workload of project team and make them reliable. In this manner, the safety and quality can be improved. (Beyer, 2018).

• Digitalization of safety processes: Instead of using paper-based documents or checklists, digitalizing the safety processes can support the project team to be more protective, and productive. This transformation will also help them to save costs and time (Kaushal, 2018). Various systems are available in markets that ensure safety and improve the quality of work such as ePTW. Using this system, the project team members can be tracked and high-level risks can be avoided easily.

• The recommendations that can or will be imposed by me or can be suggested for improving the system are more safety measures like introducing new tools with proper training to reduce repetitive tasks or improve safety which can benefit in many ways like improving time management and reducing stress to the workers. Proper clothing measures according to the temperature so thatit can reduce some tension and can protect them from these eat waves especially. Next, training can be conducted to keep all aware of all the policies and initiatives that can be taken immediately in case of any causality takes place or if anything needs to be handled with care.

• On the other hand, streamlining the on-site training as well as sharing the best practices can help the project members to get trained for safety work ethics and increase work awareness as well. Digital tools help in conducting the meetings and training sessions. Smart tools can also be used that notifies the possibility of danger by notifications, and high alerts. In this manner, the training is necessary to use these tools and properly participate in the waterways project.

• The workers can also be protected using advanced wearables. Any device can be treated as a wearable that is used to keep them safe. These wearable devices can mitigate the risks, detect dangerous gases, improve the training of staff, and minimize the exposure to heavy lifting accidents utilizing the power-guided suits.

• Using advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, the project team can be enabled to predict the outcomes of any process, decision, or operation. The safety information can be effectively predicted and collected using AI technology that limits the major injuries and improves the quality of the project by protecting them from being injured/damaged.

• Drones can also be used to inspect the depth of this waterway project in any operational process.

2. Infographics for a particular incidence that might lead to specific quality problems.

This section of the report presents the special kind of problem or the quality problem that can cause by an incident or in progress work. The picture or infographic below gives a detailed overview of the problem caused while development of the water system in construction.The main motive of the project was to link the rivers so that the transportation and water supply for the nearby Urban and ruler cities can be made easy and efficient for the people nearby. But some of the problems that were seen or taken and consideration like during the construction or the river connectivity to transportation can cause some pollutants as the transportation will increase this might affect the pollution of the river which may cause reservation specific in identification as well as it will cause-effect in the relationships and cause the toxic and environment nearby and it may affect the quality of water as well.

Figure 3: Infographic for safety issues that impact quality
(Source: Author)

So, it can be seen that two types of problems are occurring one is mixture occurrence and one is mixture toxicity. In mixture occurrence, suspect and sampling or not target detection, target detection are seen as well as in mixture toxicity problem, biochemicals and something related to hazardous and environment issues are noticed. Solutions are oriented from this problem to better understand the issue and take protective measures against it, as the environment needs to be protected as well as high priority (Dharmadhikary and Verma, 2019).

3. Infographics for digital technology solutions for enhancing occupational safety and health.
For improving the health and safety of the workers or the people working under the project a few measures can be taken as digital technology can be adapted as it makes it a little easy to handle and is less time consuming.

Figure 3: Infographics for health and safety.
(Source: ILO 2022)

A digital technology as if an application or a website can be developed which consist of five major points like the policy, organization, the evaluation, action for improvement as if the help and support center or the feedback section and the last planning and implementation section (Trivedi et al., 2021).

In the policy section of the application or website, policies like work participation or the OSH policy which can spread awareness to the people work in about the rights and regulations.In the next feature of the application involves methods like training or compilers or time period like understanding the work hours or the accountability and responsibility of each employee as well as the documentation for the same in written format as well as a communication portal to convey if there is any changes made in the plan or any routine so this can be handled in the organizing part.

In the planning and the implementation section, it consists of a general review of all the members development and the planning manual as well as any prevention of any hazardous activities or any important thing to be considered in the project is present in the planning and implementation part.In the evaluation part, it's all about the management system of the project so then was like investigation or review monitoring of work and duty time of individual person as well as any changes to be made in one's activity or daily routine it all comes under the evaluation portion.

Thus, the major risk solutions can be-

• By identifying potential risks
• Assessing the impact and probability of risks
• Tracking and monitoring the risks
• Detect and mitigate the risks
• By making an alternative or backup plan can help to resolve risks

References

Lone, G.H. and Manzoor, S., Social work intervention in economic rehabilitation of Affected Persons-A good practice case study of a development project in Kashmir.

Ali, R., 2018. Jammu and Kashmir Civic Bodies and Panchayat Raj. Available at SSRN 3098361.
Rashid, M., Bhat, S.H. and Bahsir, I.A., 2017. Road construction, maintenance challenges and their solutions in Kashmir. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering, 6(1), pp.1-5.

Pandey, V.K., 2022. Geo-Environmental Impact of Road Widening Project Along National Highway-44, Jammu and Kashmir, India. In Disaster Management in the Complex Himalayan Terrains (pp. 59-78). Springer, Cham.
Shafi, P.M., 2020. RISK MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.

Trivedi, A., Jakhar, S.K. and Sinha, D., 2021. Analyzing barriers to inland waterways as a sustainable transportation mode in India: a dematel-ISM based approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, p.126301.
Kaushal, N., 2018. A reckoning of Inland Waterways Transport system in India.

Beyer, A., 2018. Inland waterways, transport corridors and urban waterfronts. International Transport Forum Discussion Paper.

Dharmadhikary, S. and Verma, A., 2019. Circumventing Environmental Regulations. Economic & Political Weekly, 54(8), p.13.

Wang, Y., Chen, X., Borthwick, A.G., Li, T., Liu, H., Yang, S., Zheng, C., Xu, J. and Ni, J., 2020. Sustainability of global golden inland waterways. Nature communications, 11(1), pp.1-13.

CHAS, 2022. What are RAMS Documents in Health and Safety? Chas [Online], Available at: https://www.chas.co.uk/help-advice/risk-management-compliance/risk-assessment-introduction/method-statement-contents/ [Accessed on: 10 June 2022]

EcoSys, 2022. The Ultimate Guide to Construction Document Management, Hexagon [Online], Available at: https://www.ecosys.net/knowledge/ultimate-guide-to-construction-document-management/[Accessed on: 10 June 2022]

BIS2005 Enterprise Architecture Assignment Sample

Due date: Week 12
Group/individual: Individual
Word count / Time provided: 3600 words
Weighting: 40%
Unit Learning Outcomes: ULO-3, ULO-4, ULO-5

Assessment Details:

This assessment is designed to assess develop your skills in Enterprise Architecture (EA). You are required to develop knowledge on EA methodology, EA Framework, data model and emerging EA. In completing this assessment successfully, you will be able to know major widely accepted Enterprise Architecture (EA) domains, layers, frameworks and governance, which will help in achieving ULO-3, ULO-4, and ULO-5.

Report: Part-I (Case Study) for Assignment Help

Coco-Oil is a mid-size Oil and Gas company. A couple of years ago Coco-Oil decided to establish a full- fledged EA practice to accommodate with the growing problems around non-transparency of its IT investments and poor business and IT alignment in general. To boost its EA initiative, the company decided to purchase a specialized software tool for enterprise architecture. For this purpose, its IT leaders studied the available offerings on the EA tool market, contacted most promising vendors, organized meetings with vendor representatives and listened to their presentations. As a result, Coco- Oil had selected and acquired a rather powerful and expensive tool for enterprise architecture from a well-known vendor. Then, the company had installed and configured the tool, established a central repository for storing architectural information and sent its architecture team to a special training supplied by the tool vendor. After the training, architects had documented most areas of theorganizational IT landscape and associated business processes in the EA repository and started to update this information to keep it current. Architects were also impressed with the modeling, visualization and analytical capabilities offered by their new EA tool.

However, Coco-Oil’s CIO is sceptical towards the chosen EA tool. He believes that the company is only wasting money on the tool as it is essentially nothing more than a sophisticated repository of current- state information. Furthermore, the tool is used by only 4-5 people in the entire organization (all architects), does not facilitate informed decision-making among business stakeholders in any sense and does not contribute to achieving the original objectives of the EA initiative to improve business and IT alignment. As a newly employed manager at Coco-Oil; Coco-Oil’s CIO has asked you to provide a report that addresses the following:

1. Discuss 5 reasons why the implementation of the EA tools at Coco-Oil would make Coco-Oil have competitive advantage over its competitors.

2. Recommend one cloud-based EA software that would be used in Coco-oil and discuss 5 major role that the specialized software would play in Coco-Oil EA practice.

3. Based on your lecture notes, discuss standard as an architect and the roles implementation of standard will play in EA practice at Coco-Oil.

Report: Part-II

TechCon is a diversified, multi-profile company. Essentially, it is a conglomerate company consisting of three diverse strategic units acting as independent businesses under separate brands in different industry sectors: Unit Foodtech, Unit Foodtech and Unit Hoteltech. TechCon is governed from the central head office, which oversights the three subsidiary business units and their financial performance indicators, though without any operational interventions. Each strategic business unit has its own managing director with full discretion and responsibility over its competitive strategy, investment priorities, budget allocation and ensuing yearly profits. Unit Foodtech is in the food manufacturing business. The unit produces and distributes a variety of goods including, but not limited to, vegetables, groceries, meat and dairy products. Each of these product lines requires unique production processes, storage arrangements, transportation approaches and underlying equipment and is organizationally implemented by a separate specialized product department. However, these products are delivered largely to the same circle of customers, including both major retailers and local food shops. All product lines are also served by a number of common unit-wide functions, e.g. HR, finance, accounting, logistics, legal, marketing and sales support.

Unit Restaurtech competes in the restaurant business with 94 IT staff. Specifically, the unit controls a chain of small fast-food restaurants occupying the low-cost market niche. In total, the chain includes more than 159 restaurants located in different geographies and more restaurants are planned to be opened in the foreseeable future. All restaurants offer same interiors, menus, prices, meals and services to their customers and imply standardized policies, working procedures and supporting equipment. However, each restaurant is run separately by a chief manager responsible for its overall financial well-being and all necessary business processes, e.g. recruiting, training, procurement, cooking, servicing, cleaning and complaints management. With the exception of Unit F Restaurtech’s lean central office, where chain-wide branding, marketing and other strategic decisions are made, the restaurants operate independently from each other and even have their own profit and loss statements. Finally, Unit Hoteltech runs a chain of resort hotels. These hotels gravitate towards the high-end price segment and offer premium-quality services to their customers. Unit Hoteltech’s competitive strategy implies improving its brand recognition and achieving consistent customer experience. For this purpose, the unit’s leadership plans to standardize all customer-facing and, to a lesser extent, back- office processes across all hotels of the chain as well as all its suppliers and service providers. Moreover, Unit Hoteltech also intends to become “closer” to its customers and build lifelong customer relationships. This strategy requires collecting more information about customers, their individual preferences and transaction histories, aggregating this information globally and leveraging it for providing customized services, launching loyalty programs, developing special offers and promoting personalized discounts.

As an EA manager at TechCon, you are required to write a report that discusses the following:

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the operating model used in each unit in Techcom organization.

2. Discuss four reasons why outsourcing of EA practice is NOT a good option for TechCon

3. Discuss four type of goverance committees that TechCon would implement and; discuss why it is important to implement decision escalation path.

4. Discuss 5 reasons why implementation of Architecture Debt is very important in TechCon

5. Based on IT staff ratio model and degree of decentralization as a factor, name and discuss architects positions that would be required in Unit Foodtech.

Note: The answers must be based on the information provided in lecture notes and recommended text books.

Report: Part-III

SmartFin is a large financial and stockbroker company. 8 years ago SmartFin decided to establish a full-fledged EA practice to accommodate with the growing problems around non-transparency of its IT investments and poor business and IT alignment in general. The establishment of EA practice was successful, and it was completed last 1 year. Due to recent advancement in technologies, SmartFin wants to implement Cloud Computing technologies that would empower their staff and customers for example, implementation of analytical Cloud Computing Technologies that would enable SmartFin staff to approve credit card application within 30 minutes of the submission of the application.

However, SmartFin’s CEO is sceptical towards the implementation of cloud computing technologies. He believes that the company is only wasting money on the cloud computing technologies as it is essentially nothing more than a sophisticated collection of data.

As a newly promoted IT manager at SmartFin, you are required to write a report that discusses the following:

1. 5 (five) major differences between Big Data and EA.

2. Five (5) challenges that SmartFin may have with implementation of Cloud Computing Technologies and how the challenges should be resolved.

3. Five (5) major business benefits of cloud computing architecture that SmartFin may have over its competitors if they implement cloud computing.

4. Discuss five (5) stages of ITIL framework that may be implemented in Smartfin

Solution

Part-I (Coco-oil case study)

Reasons for implementing EA tools

In order to enhance the complete process of business developments and operations, the enterprise architecture is an essential concept that has been implemented by the Coco-oil. It will give some competitive advantage to the company and based on the available sources and tools, Coco-oil will be able to make change into their existing business process. In the below points, reasons over the implementation of EA tools have been introduced for the Coco-oil:

• In order to get an overview on the different entities and their relationship into the Coco-oil, EA tools have played a vital role. The communication and understanding between the entities have been improves by using EA tools (Anthony Jnr, 2021, p23(3)).

• Risk identification and mitigation in any area of business has also been achieved by using EA tool. In terms of IT infrastructure or business operations, all the major issues have been identified and mitigated with the help of EA tools.

• Both the information system’s cost and complexity has been reduced with the implementation of EA tools. Projects costs and activities are monitored by the management and based on the project requirements, unnecessary steps or activities will be removed from the system (Saint-Louis and Lapalme, 2018, p10(3)).

• The stability and quality of the business architecture have been enhanced with the implementation of enterprise architecture tools and techniques. On the other hand, the overall capability and business process have also been improved with the help of EA tools.

• In order to implement the new technologies and smart tools into the business process, it is important to make a brief analysis on the current operations. Therefore, the innovative tools and techniques could be included into the Coco-oil company with the help of EA tools.

• Building strong business strategy or changing existing business strategy have been achieved by the company management with the help of EA tools (Paredes-Gualtor, Moscoso-Zea and Luján-Mora, 2018, p28(3)). On the other hand, all the possible changes into the existing business strategy has also been introduced by the users.

The above points illustrates the five major reasons for which the Coco-oil company had implemented the EA tools into their business functions.

Cloud-based EA software

With the implementation of the cloud based enterprise architecture tools, companies will be able to make introduce new features and tools into the company business process. There are several benefits and advantages of the cloud based EA tool that could be achieved by the Coco-oil company. The existing business operation of the company could be improved by the management if all the necessary aspects of the company have been considered during the implementation of cloud based EA tools. Sparx System Enterprise Architect is one of the most effective solution for the Coco-oil company which could be efficiently use the identified tool into their business operations (Carr and Else, 2018, p25(3)). Sparx system gives different features and functionalities to the company. Based on the company requirement, all the necessary features could be enabled by the managers if Sparx has been implemented into the company EA system properly. The below points have been illustrated that shown the five major role of the cloud based EA software:

• The entire process of business process improvement could be done with increased speed and efficiency. All the necessary components of the business process are included into the software which make the system implementation more easier.

• Data security and integrity is another major role that are played by the cloud based EA software. All the organizational data and information are stored into the system which gives data security and integrity.

• The cloud based EA tool is scalable and the existing business process could be expanded with the integration of the EA software (Setiyowati, Zemmy and Agung, 2021, p15(3)). All the upcoming events and future data trend can be controlled and monitored with the help of cloud based EA tool.

• Unlimited data storage is another benefit for the Coco-oil company as the client base and generated information is continuously growing into the organization. All the data and information could be stored into the cloud in a structured manner.

• Data backup and restoring could be done by the managers easily as the cloud based tool Sparx gives the opportunity to restore data efficiently.

Based on the company requirement, the above benefits could be achieved by the Coco-oil of the Sparx tool is implemented into the business process of the company.

In order to successfully implement the EA tools and techniques, it is important to consider different aspects of the enterprise architecture. Standard and role of implementation are the two major aspects that must be considered by the organization. In this context, there are several standard that must be followed by the managers to implement the enterprise architecture. All the necessary aspects of the EA standard need to be considered that includes the below points:

• Security standard: In this standard all the security policies including password, guideline, authentication or authorization are identified by the system developers. All the essential data and information security comes under this standard (Gorkhali and Xu, 2019, p30(4)). However, the information classification could also be done by the company management if the security standards have followed properly.

• Legal standard: General data protection regulation (GDPR) is one of the major standard that need to be followed by the system developers. On the other hand, the country specific crypto is another form of legal standard that need to be considered by the developers during the system implementation.

• Development standard: In order to successfully develop the system and its components design patterns, technological resources, UI guidelines need to be followed by the developers (Razi, 2021, p35(4)). On the other hand, all the possible changes into the existing system could be introduced by the architect if all the standards have been followed.

In order to successfully implement the EA into the Coco-oil all the components need to be implemented into the system based on the role of the entities and business operations. Depending on the enterprise architecture of the company, all the necessary components of the company could be implemented based on the role of the users and staff of the company. Therefore, the standards and their role implementation plays a vital role during the enterprise architecture tool implementation.

Part-II (TechCon case study)

Advantages and disadvantages of the operating model

TechCon is a diversified company that manage three type of business including food, hotel and restaurant business. The company is operation all the business with the help of different units and their managers. The three units are operated with different models in order to make the business process successful. The advantages and disadvantages of the operating model used in the different units have been discussed in the below points:

Advantages:

• The operating model in the food industry is gives the complete overview form the product production to the delivery. All the steps can be monitored with the help of operating model.

• Cost of the production in food industry can also be introduced with the reduced time.

• In the hotel business, all the booking and their services delivery could be monitored with the help of operation model (Dagoumas and Koltsaklis, 2019, p3(2)). However, the business operation could be improved in this process.

• The technologies and IT resources could be efficiently implemented by the company staff if the operating model is proper implemented.

• In the restaurant business, the chain of the small fast food centres could be managed properly and based on the customer demand and need, the food quality or service delivery into the specific restaurant could be improved.

• With the help of operating model, an integrated restaurant operating model could be implemented by the company management. All the necessary aspects of the ongoing business process could be improved with the help of operating model.

Disadvantages:

• The operating model will not consider the health and safety measure of the food industry which is a major disadvantage of the operating model into the organization.

• With the help of operating model, the profitability or financial transactions could not be calculated by the managers (Wang et al. 2019, p20(3)). In this context, a separated analytical framework need to be deployed by the organizations.

• In the hotel business, the maintenance of the hotels and resources is a major challenge that is not included in the operating model. For this purpose a separate body need to made.

• No administrative work could be done with the help of existing operating model. For this purpose, TechCon should make the a separate administration to monitor all the operations and process (Galli, 2018, p21(2)).

• In the restaurant business, operating cost and staff management could not be performed by the operating model.

• The complete management of the restaurant could not be managed by using a single operating model.
Outsourcing of EA practice

If the EA is implemented by the TechCon itself, it will give a number of benefits to the organization. Based on the organizational needs, the enterprise architecture will be implemented by the company management. However, the EA outsourcing is another major aspect which need to be considered by the management as it give several disadvantages to the company. In the below points, four reasons for which the EA should not be outsourced are given:

• The control over the system and operating model is reduced if the EA is outsourced. All the operations and functionalities are controlled by the third party organization.

• Communication issue is a major drawback as all the components of the company are controlled by the third party organization. If all the data and information are not transferred from one source to another properly, then the communication gap arises (Jain, 2021, p18(3)).

• All the data and information of the company is handled by the third party organization that refers to the security threats for the organization. Data or information breach could impact some major damage to the organization.

• Lower quality in product or service delivery could also be faced by the company. The third party organization will not be aware of the product or service quality and it will caused into the damage in reputation of the organization.

For the above reasons, TechCon should not outsource the EA for their organizational activities and operations.

Four type of governance committees

There are several types of governance committees that could be implemented by the TechCon to enhance their business process and functionalities. Based on the business operations and organizational requirements, four types of governance committee could be implemented by the organization that are given below:

• Advisory committee: Advisory committee will be responsible to adopt new changes and features into the system. However, any kind of issues or threats faced by the company will be identified by this committee.

• Co-operative committee: In each stage co-operative committee will help to take decisions by the management (Baraibar-Diez and D Odriozola, 2019, p8(2)). On the other hand, all the aspects of the company business operations could be considered by the co-operative committee to implement it successfully.

• Team management committee: The team management committee will help to develop a proper team work between the team members. A proper collaboration between the team members will be achieved by the company management if the team management committee govern the entire system properly.

• Policy making committee: Based on the organization requirements and issues faced by the TechCon, further decisions and policies could be made by the management with the co-operation of policy making committee (Caluwe and De Haes, 2019, p6(3)).

The above four governance committee will help the TechCon to improve the business operation of the company. On the other hand, decision escalation path could also be introduced by the TechCon to resolve the issues and challenges quickly. In the below points, the benefits of the decision escalation path have been shown:

• The time management in product or service delivery could be done effectively by the organization.

• The decision making process will become accountable which will help to enhance the profitability of the company.

• Time and energy of the company management could be saved by the organization if the decision escalation matrix is implemented into the business process properly.

Implementation of Architecture Debt

With the implementation of the architecture debt, the TechCon will be able to enhance the system performance matrix with new innovations and features. Based on the organizational requirements, all the necessary aspects could be business process could be enhanced with the implementation of the architecture debt. In the below points, five major reasons for which TechCon should implement the architecture debt into the operational process are discussed in the below points:

• Advanced analysis: With the implementation of architecture debt, all the company analysis will be made in more advanced manner (Sharma, 2019, p4(2)). Based on the analysis performed by the experts, weak entities could be identified.

• Technology upgradation: All the existing technologies and IT infrastructure of the company could be improved and updated with the latest technology and advanced features.

• Design simplify: Based on the complexity and functionality of the system, the design simplification could be done by the company management. This is the major reason of using architecture debt.

• Improve in strategy making: Based on the technical debt, the decision making or strategy development process could be improved (Ernst, Kazman and Delange, 2021, p12(3)). This will make the operational process improvement with all the three types of business area of TechCon.

• Result based decision: Based on the result of the analysis, results will be analysed by the system managers. On the other hand, a proper data and information management architecture could be introduced by the TechCon.

In the above points, five reason for implementing architecture debt have been introduce by the company.

IT staff ratio model and degree of decentralization

The degree of decentralisation denotes the degree to which an organization wishes to decentralise. Company management must examine eleven elements while assessing the Degree of Decentralization. Managers cannot be for or against decentralisation of authority on a regular basis. There are several architect position that could be required in TechCon to improve the business operation of the company. On the other hand, few architect positions need to be considered by the organization to make the necessary changes into the system that are illustrated below:

• The more expensive the operation to be determined, the more likely it is that the decision needs to be made at the top levels of administration. The fact that the price of a failure influences decentralisation does not necessarily imply that senior managers make less mistakes than their workers (Shon and Cho, 2020, p13(3)).

• Some other aspect that favours decentralization of responsibility is the desire for an unified policy. Some who place a premium on consistency are almost always in favour of centralised power because it is the quickest way to achieve it.

• Because of the company's unique challenges, policy problems may need to be forwarded higher up the chain and debated with a large number of professionals at each stage, as longitudinal acceptance may be just as important as vertical approval (Bojanic, 2018, p18(1)).

• Other situations, senior executives retain responsibility not out of a desire for status or dominance, but rather because individuals absolutely never give up the interests and powers they had before they rose to the top or the company developed from a shareholder shop.

• Because teamwork of planning involves the presence of educated managers, a serious shortage of management staff would improve the level of decentralisation of authority. One issue is that a company that incorporates its power may not be ready to practice management to take over the responsibilities of top management, necessitating the need of external sources to provide replacements.

In the above points, all the extents to make the company decentralization have been described.

Part-III (SmartFin case study)

Differences between Big Data and EA

SmartFin is a major financial institute that is introducing the cloud based analytical framework that will help to make the credit approval process more fast. This is mainly the adoption of big data and analytics. With the implementation of cloud technologies, several benefits could be achieved by the SmartFin. However, the Big data and EA both are different in concepts and framework. The major differences between the two technology has been given below:

• Big data is mainly deployed to make high level analysis of huge amount of data in a more advanced technique. Different algorithms could be implemented on the organization data to predict the credit risk (Le, Fu and Moore, 2020, p20(3)). On the other hand, EA is implemented to improve the entire business process of the company.

• During the execution of big data, only the data and information aspect of the company are considered. While the EA considers all the possible area of the business operations and functions. One gives the visual insights on the available data, while the other is responsible for the development of business operations.

• Security features into the EA tools and software is higher that the big data applications. On the other hand, all the possible changes into the analytical process could be introduced by the EA and it requires a higher level of security.

• Big data applications are easily usable and manageable, while the EA tools requires an expertise in the similar filed.

• Only the analytical visualizations could be introduced with the big data tools. But, the EA applications offers a wide range of applications and features to the users (Yetton et al. 2018, p15(3)).

In the above points, all the major differences between the big data and EA have been illustrated.

Challenges with Cloud Computing Technology

SmartFin will be able to implement the cloud computing technology successfully if all the major concerns have been considered by the developers. Here, different challenges faced by the SmartFin company during the cloud technology deployment have been illustrated. Based on the organizational architecture, all the challenges could also be mitigated by the company management. In the below points, five challenges and their solutions have been discussed:

• Data breach and theft: With the adoption of the cloud technologies, the data theft or breaching risk will be enhanced. A proper security infrastructure need to be deployed along with the cloud platform.

• Misconfiguration: The configuration of the cloud platform is a major challenge that could create issues for the organization (Rath, 2018, p11(3)). All the necessary configuration should be made with the help of cloud experts.

• Insider threat: Insider threats could also breach or damage the cloud infrastructure which causes into the system failure and hijacking. In order to mitigate this issue, all the authentication and authorization process must be introduced by the company.

• Virus attack: Virus attack can damage the entire cloud platform and this would cause into data leakage or system hacking by the hackers. The entire IT infrastructure of the company will be effected by the virus attack. Anti-malware programs and firewalls must be installed into the company IT infrastructure.

• Data confidentiality: All the data and information will be stored into the third party platform that refers to the reduced data confidentiality (Tadapaneni, 2018, p9(4)). For this issue, SmartFin need to check all the legal standards and paper works.

SmartFin company will be able to implement the cloud based technologies into the company IT infrastructure if all the challenges and issue are considered and mitigated by the developers.

Business benefits of cloud computing architecture

With the successful implementation of the cloud technologies, SmartFin will be able to achieved several business benefits. All the required applications or activities could be executed into the cloud platform. Five major benefits of the cloud computing technology have been illustrated in the below points:

• High speed and quick deployment of business operation is the major aspect that could be achieved by the SmartFin. Time and cost saving approach could be introduced by if all the aspects of the cloud computing have been introduced (Somula et al. 2018, p7(1)).

• All the technological resources could be updated and integrated automatically if the cloud based platforms have been implemented by the company.

• Efficiency of the business operations could be increased by the company. On the other hand, cost of running all the activities could be made reduced by the company management.

• Data security and integrity could be achieved as a huge amount of data will be stored into the cloud platform.

• SmartFin will be able to make their information system more scalable as it will offer different branches and expansion of existing network architecture (Mohammad, 2019, p17(3)). All the possible changes into the information system could be easily made by the company is the cloud technology is successfully implemented into the organization.

Stages of ITIL framework

The below pints have been discussed to illustrate the ITIL framework into the SmartFin company.

• Service strategy: Service strategy could be introduced by the company to take decisions on the upcoming business operations and process.

• Service design: In order to design the service strategy, the design framework need to be introduced by the company. The productivity and creativity of the business operation could be improved with the service design (Sadegh et al. 2018, p10(2)).

• Service transition: Services and procedures established in the System Design phase are moved to a testing environment in the Operation Transitionary period. This stage entails preparing services and processes for use in the real world.

• Service operation: Customers' terms and conditions are considered by the at this point. As a result, the support team must ensure that the team abides by the contract.

• Continual service improvement: The existing business process could be enhanced and improved by the organization, if the continual service improvement process is introduced by the company (Hermanto and Kusnanto, 2019, p16(3)). This stage is the essential aspect of the company.

Based on the above ITIL stages, SmartFin will be able to improve their enterprise architecture and business process. All the necessary changes into the system could be made by the company if all the stages have successfully implemented.

References

Anthony Jnr, B., 2021. Managing digital transformation of smart cities through enterprise architecture–a review and research agenda. Enterprise Information Systems, 15(3), pp.299-331. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17517575.2020.1812006

Baraibar-Diez, E. and D Odriozola, M., 2019. CSR committees and their effect on ESG performance in UK, France, Germany, and Spain. Sustainability, 11(18), p.5077. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=CSR+committees+and+their+effect+on+ESG+performance+in+UK%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+and+Spain&btnG=

Bojanic, A.N., 2018. The impact of fiscal decentralization on accountability, economic freedom, and political and civil liberties in the Americas. Economies, 6(1), p.8. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=The+impact+of+fiscal+decentralization+on+accountability%2C+economic+freedom%2C+and+political+and+civil+liberties+in+the+Americas&btnG=

Caluwe, L. and De Haes, S., 2019. Board engagement in IT governance: Opening up the black box of IT oversight committees at board level. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/60053/0613.pdf

Carr, D. and Else, S., 2018. State of enterprise architecture survey: Results and findings. Enterprise Architecture Professional Journal. https://eapj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/EAPJ-Special-Edition-State-of-EA-Survey.pdf

Dagoumas, A.S. and Koltsaklis, N.E., 2019. Review of models for integrating renewable energy in the generation expansion planning. Applied Energy, 242, pp.1573-1587. https://eclass.unipi.gr/modules/document/file.php/EBI133/Dagoumas/Material/1.44.MethodologicalReview.pdf

Ernst, N., Kazman, R. and Delange, J., 2021. Technical Debt in Practice: How to Find It and Fix It. MIT Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1nQJEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP10&dq=Technical+Debt+in+Practice:+How+to+Find+It+and+Fix+It.+MIT+Press.&ots=QacXT-0a2Z&sig=QHV2Y1koHmTeg4ier1eQBFX_-ao&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Technical%20Debt%20in%20Practice%3A%20How%20to%20Find%20It%20and%20Fix%20It.%20MIT%20Press.&f=false

Galli, B.J., 2018. Change management models: A comparative analysis and concerns. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 46(3), pp.124-132. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8486843

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