Sample LMED28003 Outline of The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems Report 2

LMED28003 Outline of The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems Report 2 Sample

In early 2030, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome global pandemic was declared. The etiology of this new disease was identified as a novel Henipavirus, a negative-strand RNA virus. Epidemiologists tracing the virus identified Ascot, a suburb of Brisbane to be the "ground zero" for this outbreak. It is believed that the virus originated in flying foxes and was transmitted to horses and then to people. Genetic screening of the virus shows it to be similar to Hendra virus but with several key genetic changes that allows high levels of person-to-person transmission. Transmission of the virus is through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Viral entry into the body has been shown to be through the Human ephrin-A1 receptor which is abundantly found in the epithelium of the lungs.

Task

You are to prepare a 2000 word outline that "Explains the 'innate' and 'adaptive' immune responses to a novel Henipavirus and outline how the non-specific and specific arms of the immune system cooperate to effect an immune response".

- Start with the premise of someone sneezing or coughing on you and work your way through the immune responses, ending with viral clearance and the formation of immunological memory. Hint: the first part of the immune response are your barriers (skin an mucus layers). Most of the virus will get trapped by these before they get into your lungs.

- You can use diagrams and flow charts if they make it easier for you to explain the topic, but remember if you are using a diagram from a journal or textbook etc. you have to reference where it came from.

- References are needed for this assignment. DO NOT reference my lectures or lecture notes. Much of the information in them is from your textbook or other readily available source.

- Remember that this assessment is worth 30% of your final grade. It will require a significant amount of work to complete, so please do not leave this to the end of the term. Work through it as you learn each part of your immune system.

Solution

Introduction

A virus is known as a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells. This line of viruses can be different and create effects in different forms. Every living organism is affected by this different line of viruses, but innate and adaptive immune responses create protections against these harmful aspects (Okeke, and Uzonna, 2019).However, a new and rare line of viruses is the reason for the different incurable diseases. Any kind of epidemic or pandemic is the reason for these rare lines of the virus that originated from unknown and unusual sources. In this aspect, the novel henipavirus virus has originated in flying foxes. The unusual origin of this particular virus has created unusual actions in living organisms, specifically in human beings. The virus which has been identified is nothing but a negative strand RNA virus. This latest king of the negative RNA virus seems to be the same as the Hendra virus but with different pathogenic modifications. The transmission aspects are also high and this disease is highly transmitted from horses to human beings. In this outline, the innate and adaptive immune response to a novel henipaviral is too detailed for understanding the possible cure for this particular disease.

Content in this respect, there are two kinds of immunity for the assignment helpline which are quite predominant in the case of the human body and these are innate and adaptive immunity includes the internal mechanism which protects the human body from any kind of pathogens the infiltration of the pathogens is inhibited by various which are post by the human body however it must be noted that this kind of variables are not specific to the pathogens these are non-specific as all the kinds of pathogens are prevented from internalization into the body using the innate immune system, for example, the mucus in the nose and the intestine of the human body does not allow the passages to enter inside the system since the pathogens are trapped inside the mucus and cannot enter into the vital systems. This kind of defence system is also regarded as the first line of defence since it is the primary way of preventing the infiltration of pathogens. However, this type of immune system fails to recognise the specific types of pathogens that invade the human body. The skin is another defensive entity of the innate immune system that does not allow pathogens to invade the system. Again, there are some specialised cells like the natural killer cells and the macrophages which aid in protecting the body by eliminating or inactivating the pathogens through specific processes. The adaptive immunity takes some time to function and it operates only after the innate immunity fails to offer protection against the disease. Adaptive immunity is provided mainly by the T cells and the B cells. The B cells produce the antibodies and these entities help in inactivating the pathogens quite effectively. Furthermore, these cells have specific memory which implies that these cells can recognise the pathogens. The pathogenic attributes are identified with the help of adaptive immunity.

The negative strand of the RNA virus is responsible for the disease caused is influenza, mumps, measles, rabies, encephalitis ad others. These diseases are curable and several autoantibodies are capable of curing this type of disease initially in a living body organism. The different aspects found in the negative strand virus in the RNA. there are two types of immunity which are responsible for providing any kind of Defence to the human body. there are various aspects which have been discovered in this respect of innate immunity. The variations of the genetic materials can be examined with the help of the sequencing strategies and hence the discrepancies between the genetic rearrangements of the affected and the unaffected individulas. Additionally, adaptive immunity is frequently employed to detect specific pathogen sequence alterations, similar to immunity patterns. Therefore, the application of these molecular biology approaches aids in the identification of pathogen pathogenic structural variants that are responsible for the emergence of pathogenic disorders. Therefore, cutting edge technology, such as adaptive immunity, allows us to thoroughly envision the components or biological entities that become aberrated and eventually give rise to harmful diseases.

The findings revealed that there was a structural variance in adaptive immunity in the 40 affected people, where a section of the chromosome had translocations caused by the process of incorporation into the pathogenic material.

The outcomes of the targeted long read sequencing assist in determining that chromosome 8 had extensive rearrangements. Furthermore, it was discovered that chromosome 10 and the sex chromosome are directly related, and the differences are inherited in a recessive way. In the instance of the 30 affected patients who were taken into consideration, all of these mutations were previously detected with the use of pathogenic testing, and this was again validated by targeted long-read sequencing. This demonstrates that adaptive immunity is the method of the changes shown in the afflicted people's cases. The adaptive immunity also confirmed that adaptive immunity is also affirmative. The findings are crucial in determining the pathogenic causes of the development of the cases.

Figure 1:Association and the functionalities of the adaptive and the immune responses
(Source- Schon, 2019.)

The pathogens are atfirst dealt by the mast cells. Again the specific response is provided by the natural killer cells that inactivate the pathogens.The pathogens are again engulfed by the macrphage cells.The antigen presenting cells or the APCs like the dendritic cells which aids in the presentation of the antigen to the CD8 and this is a coreceptor of the T cell receptor that this receptors then again activate the CTL.The CTLs provide the immunity by inactivating the pathogens by their cytotoxicity (Mantovani and Garlanda, 2023). Again the antigen prsentation by the dendritic cells can activate the CD4 co receptor.This also helps in activating the major T cells like the Helper T cells and the regulatory Tcells.The Helper Tcells play a major role in combatting the intracellular and the exttracellular pathogens against qall type of infection against the ingresion of the pathogenic entities like the bacteria.Again the autoimmunity is a important factor for the development of the immune responses as this could cause severe damage to the host due to the lack of the recognition of the self antigens.This deleterious affect can aggravate into many specific autroimmune responses that can again take the form of serious disease.The regulatory Tcells helps in regulating and curtailing the self immunity and keeps the self immunity under check.Again the prsentation of the antigens by the dendritic cells are instrumental in the activation of the B cells which in turn lead to the production of the antibodies from the activated B cells.This antibodies are specific in nature and atre produced in response to the specific antigen and helps in responding to the specific antigen.

Furthermore there interlink between the innate and the adaptive iummunity.The antigen presentation cells like the dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cell form a bridge between the innate and the adaptive immunity.These cells aid in the activation iof the adaptive immune system entities like the B cells and the Tcells.

Understanding the aetiology in detail is aided by the detailed identification of the chromosomal alterations in the affected patients. Once more, the important findings support the assertion that the adaptive immunity approach used by the immune system is what causes changes to the chromosomal structure (Schon, 2019). To identify pathogenic disorders at an early stage, structural variation identification and its association with the specific pathogenic state are crucial. As a result, these findings would open the way for the creation and enhancement of current approaches for the detection and treatment of infectious disorders.

The analysis of changes in many biological entities, such as proteins, metabolites, transcription factors, etc., makes extensive use of adaptive immunity. These are the variables and entities that have a direct influence on how well an organism functions. For instance, while different proteins are necessary for the body's protein functioning, actin and myosin are in charge of an organism's ability to move. However, there may be some modifications to the pathogenic expressions that alter how these essential proteins operate. Thus, an omics technique like proteomics is crucial for a thorough knowledge of the problem and would aid in precisely identifying how immunity work. The immune system's implications will once more be used to determine the fundamental causes (Khader et al., 2021). Transcriptomics also allows for the estimation of adaptive immunity and aids in the investigation of immunity patterns associated with pathogen functionality and its corresponding impact on protein functions. Consequently, adaptive immunity is frequently employed to identify the relevant variables relating to the various structural and functional defects of the key biological entities that ultimately contribute to the occurrence of the various types of pathogenic illnesses.

According to Sun, Sun, Xiao, and Sun (2019), adaptive immunity has been extensively exploited in the detection of all genomic abnormalities, including pathogenic recombinations or changes in the antibodies. In the establishment of the alterations of antibodies like immunity in this instance, the researcher has carried out extensive tests like adaptive immunity. Once more, adaptive immunity is successful in suppressing harmful manifestations. By using unique immunity probes that can quickly detect the immunity levels in the individual antibodies, adaptive immunity aids in the detection of the specific antigen which can be eliminated by the incorporation of the adaptive and the innate immunity.

Therefore, it can be said that it is crucial to accurately detect adaptive immunity in order to determine whether any crucial protein function has been compromised as a result of the effects of molecular biology approaches like adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

The occurrence of adaptive immunity in the particular pathogenic sequences that result in the silencing of the pathogenic sequencing is established with the aid of adaptive immunity. These organisations aid in identifying the elements needed to close the knowledge gap in defining the numerous pathogenic changes or structural differences that lead to the onset of the diseases. In this context, adaptive immunity, such as the proteomic, must be crucial in identifying the aberrated proteins connected to the onset of any disease, assisting in the early examination of the disease. Again, genomics can be used to illustrate the overall pathogenic modifications or aberrations as it explores the numerous variations in the pathogenic tolerance of individuals.

References